• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.348-348
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• 2016

Low dark current (off-current) and high photo current are both essential for a solution processed organic photodetector (OPD) to achieve high photo-responsivity. Currently, most OPDs utilize a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photo-active layer that is prepared by the one-step deposition of a polymer:fullerene blend solution. However, the BHJ structure is the main cause of the high dark current in solution processed OPDs. It is revealed that the detectivity and spectral responsivity of the OPD can be improved by utilizing a photo-active layer consisting of an interdiffused polymer/fullerene bilayer (ID-BL). This ID-BL is prepared by the sequential solution deposition (SqD) of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6] phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) solutions. The ID-BL OPD is found to prevent undesirable electron injection from the hole collecting electrode to the ID-BL photo-active layer resulting in a reduced dark current in the ID-BL OPD. Based on dark current and external quantum efficiency (EQE) analysis, the detectivity of the ID-BL OPD is determined to be $7.60{\times}1011$ Jones at 620 nm. This value is 3.4 times higher than that of BHJ OPDs. Furthermore, compared to BHJ OPDs, the ID-BL OPD exhibited a more consistent spectral response in the range of 400 - 660 nm.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2008

The main purpose of this paper is to find the phase-in of BIM adoption by focusing on the level of integration. BlM should be aimed at integration and collaboration of all parties furnishing design and construction services to increase the productivity. Therefore, the degree and depth of integration for project collaboration is very important to BlM design process. One of the key advantages of full integration is that is to facilitates the development of detailed information much earlier in the entire design process to improve collaboration among stakeholders. Such integrated use is the ultimate method, but even so, it's not the precondition of BlM. One of the key advantages of relatively low integration as a transition phase is to adopt the BlM earlier than full integration. Such transitional and non-integrated BIM can also reduce the possibility of trial and error in BlM adoption. Therefore, this paper focused on non-integrated use of BlM as a substitute of full IPD by analyzing obstacles in BIM adoption.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 2004

Ruminal digestion of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of processed (ensiled, deepstacked or composted) broiler litter (BL) was determined in situ and in vitro, and compared with rice straw (RS). DM disappearances at 24 and 48 h and digestion of differently processed BL were higher than those of RS. Compared with RS, processed BL was low in NDF disappearance at 72 h incubation, digestion rate ($K_dB$) and digestibility at 0.025 of passage rate; however, deepstacked BL was similar in these NDF characteristics. Processing of BL affected ruminal digestion of nutrients such as DM and NDF adversely. NDF of composted BL, especially, was the most indigestible. This in situ nutritional evaluation indicated that deepstacked BL, the most widely used form of BL, was superior in DM characteristics (fractions, ruminal disappearance and digestibility) and similar in NDF characteristics (ruminal disappearance and digestibility) to RS.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.53-63
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• 2003

Objective : Experimental studies were done to research the clinical effects of Herba Patriniae(HP) aqua-acupuncture ($BL_{13},\;BL_{17},\;BL_{13}{\cdot}BL_{17}$ and free points) on the anti-allergic inflammatory response. Methods : We measured active systemic anaphylatic shock induced by compound 48/80 and microvascular permeability increased by acetic acid. And we measured total IgE and plasma WBC level, serum total protein, albumin, immunoglobulin and NO levels induced by egg albumin. Results : HP aqua-acupuncture pretreatments at all acupoints inhibited active systemic anaphylatic shock induced by compound 48/80 and microvascular permeability increased by acetic acid. Total IgE and plasma WBC level inhibited by HP aqua-acupuncture pretreatment at $BL_{13}\;BL_{17}$ and free points. However, HP aqua-acupuncture didn't effect serum total protein, albumin, immunoglobulin and NO levels. Conclusion : These results suggest that HP aqua-acupuncture may be beneficial in the regulation of type Ⅰ allergic reaction, but is further required immunological studies on the allergic reaction.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.145-160
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to observe the anti-oxidative effects of electroacupuncture at Wijung (BL40) in rats. Methods : The author performed several experimental items including measurements of body weight, liver index, levels of albumin, total bilirubin, LDL-cholesterol, LDH, GOT and GPT in blood serum, and levels of SOD, glutathione, catalase, No and MDA (malondialdehyde) in liver, histological analysis of liver. Results : 1. In the BL40-EA group, liver index was decreased significantly compared to those of the control group, the holder group and the sham-EA group. 2. In the BL40-EA group, the albumin level was increased significantly compared to those of the control and holder group. LDL-cholesterol and GOT level were increased significantly compared to those of the control group and the holder group. 3. In the BL40-EA group, the SOD activity & the Catalase activity were decreased significantly compared to those of the control group and the holder group. 4. In the BL40-EA group, the density of liver tissue was more similarly maintained to the normal group compared to those of the control group and the holder group. Conclusion : These results suggest that electroacupuncture at BL40 has an antioxidant effect in human, and hereafter continuous study & clinical application is needed.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.495-509
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• 2016

Irrigation applications (IA) and increased bud load (BL) are fundamental practices that are used to achieve optimum yields in grape production, while maintaining fruit quality parameters. Two different irrigation amounts (IA-I and IA-II) based on growth stages, in addition to a non-irrigated (rain-fed) control, along with two different BL applications [normal bud load based on traditional pruning practices (1BL) and double bud load (2BL)] were evaluated over a two-year experiment for their effects on the biochemical composition of the berries. Berries from the rain-fed vines had higher sugar levels, whereas no significant change was detected in organic acid levels. The increased bud load (2BL) treatment yielded less sugar in the berries compared to the 1BL control in both years. The total non-colored phenolic compounds (NPC) were greater in the irrigated (especially IA-I) and 2BL treatments than in those of the rain-fed and 1BL control. However, total anthocyanin was greater in the non-irrigated and 1BL control than in the irrigated and 2BL treatments. The antioxidant contents of the berries also varied according to the treatments and years. Our results implied that implementing a higher bud load along with the IA-I irrigation application, in which irrigation applications were 50 and 75% of the cumulative evaporation from the Class A pan during berry set to veraison and veraison to harvest growth stages, respectively, can help in obtaining greater yields in high-plateau viticulture. Thus, if more buds are left on the vines, along with sufficient irrigation and rainfall, yield may increase while maintaining or increasing the biochemical composition of the berries.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.492-505
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• 2022

This study is a study on the results of improving the logic to effectively transmit and decode compressed data in real time by improving the encoding and decoding performance of BL-beta codes that can be used for lossless real-time transmission of IoT sensing data. The encoding process of BL-beta code includes log function, exponential function, division and square root operation, etc., which have relatively high computational burden. To improve them, using bit operation, binary number pattern analysis, and initial value setting of Newton-Raphson method using bit pattern, a new regularity that can quickly encode and decode data into BL-beta code was discovered, and by applying this, the encoding speed of the algorithm was improved by an average of 24.8% and the decoding speed by an average of 5.3% compared to previous study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.630-637
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the effects of puffed and fermented red ginseng on blood glucose-related biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley diabetic rats were orally injected with 0.85% NaCL as a diabetic control (DC), 300 mg/kg general red ginseng (RG), 300 mg/kg puffing red ginseng fermented by mixed strain culture of $Bifidobacterium$ $breve$ and $Lactobacillus$ $delbrueckii$ (BL), and 300 mg/kg puffing red ginseng fermented by $Enterococcus$ $faecalis$ (EF) for 5 weeks. The blood glucose level of group BL was significantly lower maintained than in groups DC and RG for the experimental period (p<0.05). It was also significantly lower than in groups DC, RG, and EF at the 5th week (p<0.05). In the oral glucose tolerance test, the blood glucose of group BL was maintained the lowest level (p<0.05), and the area under the blood glucose curve (AUC) was also significantly lower in group BL than in group DC (p<0.05). The fasting blood glucose and insulin levels after the experiment were significantly low in group BL (p<0.05), and the HOMA-IR was more significantly low in groups BL and EF than in group DC (p<0.05). Also, the HbA1c content of group BL was significantly low than in groups DC and RG (p<0.05). The serum TC level was significantly decreased in groups RG, BL, and EF than in group DC (p<0.05), and the LDL-C content was significantly low in group BL than in group DC (p<0.05). From the findings, it was shown that the puffed and fermented red ginseng made using a mixed strain culture of $B.$ $breve$ and $L.$ $delbrueckii$ could improve blood glucose-related biomarkers.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.519-536
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to figure out which acupoints are selected to treat low back pain and attempt to analyze the effectiveness of those acupoints in current clinical trials. Methods : We searched the three electronic databases(PUBMED, RISS, KISS) and manually checked related Korean journals and reference lists up to April 2012. We included randomized controlled trials, clinical controlled trials, and case reports/series using needle type acupuncture( manual acupuncture, electronic acupuncture) to treat low back pain in English and Korean. We investigated the frequency of selected acupoints, change of visual analogue scale of low back pain and statistical significance in each study among trials. Results : We included 37 articles(Domestic 17, International 20) 53 studies(Domestic 28, International 25) in this study. The most frequently adopted acupoints were BL23, BL24, BL25, GB30, BL26, BL60, BL32, BL40, KI3, GV3, ST36 in domestic studies and BL23, BL25, BL40, BL60, GB30, GB34, BL32, BL26 in international studies. There were differential effectiveness of acupoints between domestic and the international studies using statistical significance of visual analog scale for low back pain. Conclusions : These results suggest that both proximal and distal acupoints based on meridian theory were used in clinical trials to treat low back pain. It would be helpful to provide clinical guideline, evaluate the results of clinical trials appropriately, and reveal the effectiveness of acupoints.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.952-960
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• 2003

It has been reported that p53 regulates the G2-M checkpoint transition through cyclin Bl, and it has been suggested that p53 plays an important role in the development and progression of various malignancies. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of the cell cycle regulators, cyclin B1 and p53 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Material and Method: Tissue samples from 46 patients with ESCC were included in this study. Expression levels of cyclin Bl and p53 in samples of normal squamous epithelium, dysplasia, and tumor cells from patients with ESCC were analyzed by immunohistochemical study Result: Several cells in the basement layer of normal epithelium expressed cyclin B1. The number of cyclin B1 positive cells tended to increase as the degree of dysplasia increased from low grade to high grade. More than 10% of tumor cells were cyclin B1 positive in 19 patients (41.3%). Several clinicopathologic parameters, including tumor stage (p<0.05), pathologic Iymph node status (p<0.05) and invasion of Iymphatic vessels (p<0.05), were correlated with the overexpression of cyclin B1. Elevated expression levels of cyclin B1 also correlated with a poor prognosis in patient with ESCC in univariate analysis (p<0.05) and multivariate analysis (p<0.05), In contrast, p53 expression exhibited significant correlation with the level of cyclin B1 expression, but was not associated with prognostic parameters in patients with ESCC. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cyclin B1 is involved in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the esophagus and that elevated levels of cyclin B1 expression, but not p53 expression, may indicate a poor prognosis for patients with ESCC.