• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2022

Sorting is an important data structure in many applications in the real world. Several sorting algorithms are currently in use for searching and other operations. Sorting algorithms rearrange the elements of an array or list based on the elements' comparison operators. The comparison operator is used in the accurate data structure to establish the new order of elements. This report analyzes and compares the time complexity and running time theoretically and experimentally of insertion, merge, and heap sort algorithms. Java language is used by the NetBeans tool to implement the code of the algorithms. The results show that when dealing with sorted elements, insertion sort has a faster running time than merge and heap algorithms. When it comes to dealing with a large number of elements, it is better to use the merge sort. For the number of comparisons for each algorithm, the insertion sort has the highest number of comparisons.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.3263-3291
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• 1974

Experimental work of grain bin was carried out to develop the methods of natural air in-bin drying and storage. The method is considered to be more economical, labour saving, and an effective countermeasure to grain loss. To examine the possibility of farm use of the grain bin and to analyze the related factors concerned with in-bin grain drying and storage, ambient air conditions (especially the change of air temperature and relative humidity) and grain quality during drying and storage periods were investigated. A laboratory model bin was constructed to investigate the effect of different forced air conditions on the drying characteristics of rice. In addition, a grain bin with 2.2m diameter and 1.8m height, considered to be the optimum size for the average Korean farm, was constructed and tested to examine the drying and storing characteristics of rice. The weather data analyzed in this study was the nine-year (from 1964 to 1972) record of air temperature and relative humidity in the Suweon area, and the thirty-year (from 1931 to 1960) record of pentad normal relative humidity and air temperature in the Seoul area. From the results of the weather data analyses, the adequate air delivery hours (which was arbitrary defined as the condition to give less than 75% relative humidity) to dry the rice during October were about nine hours (from approximately 10 A.M. to 7 P.M, ) a day, in which the average air temperature was about 15.9$^{\circ}C$ and average relative humidity was 66%. The occurence of days having three hours of such conditions was 1, 2, and 1-day within the 1st, 2nd add last 10-day periods for the month of October, respectively. Therefore, it may be considered that the weather condition in October was satisfactory for the forced natural air drying. The results of the laboratory model bin test were analyzed to obtain the drying curve and drying rate for different drying stages and grain layers in the bin corresponding to various conditions of forced natural air. A drying experiment with a prototype grain bin showed that an approximate 5 percent grain moisture gradient through a 1.6 meter grain deposit was observed after 80 hours of intermittent drying, giving an over dried zone in the lower grain layers and an extremely high grain moisture zone in the upper layers. This indicates that an effective measure should be taken to reduce this high moisture gradient. In order to investigate the drying characteristics of bulk grain in a layerturning operation a grain bin test was performed. This showed a significant improvement of uniform drying. In this test, approximate 107 hours were required to dry a depth of 1.6 meter of grain from an initial moisture content of 22.2 percent to a moisture content of 16.7 percent using an air delivery rate of 2.8 cubic meter per a minute per every cubic meter of grain. This resulted in a 2 percent moisture gradient from the top to the bottom of the bin. During storage period, till the end of June the average temperature of grain was 2~3$^{\circ}C$ higher than ambient air temperature. But during July when the grain moisture content went up slightly (less than 1 percent), the average temperature of the grain also increased to 3~5$^{\circ}C$ higher than ambient air temperature. It is therefore recommended that for safe grain storage, grain should not be stored in sheet metal bins after mid May. From the above results, in-bin rice drying and storage can be used effectively on Korean farms. It is strongly recommended that the use of grain-bin system should be implemented for farm use to improve farm drying and storage of rice.

• 폴리머
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2014

하이드록시아파타이트는 골 전도가 우수하고 생체 적합성이 우수하며 염증 반응을 일으키지 않아 임상에서 골이식재로 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 하이드록시아파타이트를 함유한 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) 지지체를 제조하였으며 생체 내/외의 실험을 통하여 골 이식재로서의 응용가능성을 평가하였다. 하이드록시아파타이트/PLGA 지지체는 0, 10, 20, 40 및 60 wt%의 함량으로 제조하였다. 기계적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 압축강도, SEM, FTIR을 측정하였으며 MTT, RT-PCR, FACS, 조직학적 염색(H&E, ED-1)을 실시하였다. 그 결과 하이드록시아파타이트를 함유한 PLGA 지지체에서 염증 반응이 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 골 이식재로서의 가능성을 보여주었다.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2003년도 제27회 추계학술대회
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• pp.64-64
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• 2003

Objectives: Patient dose verification is clinically the most important parts in the treatment delivery of radiation therapy. The three dimensional(3D) reconstruction of dose distribution delivered to target volume helps to verify patient dose and determine the physical characteristics of beams used in intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT). We present Beam Intensity Scanner(BInS) system for the pre treatment dosimetric verification of two dimensional photon intensity. The BInS is a radiation detector with a custom made software for relative dose conversion of fluorescence signals from scintillator. Methods: This scintillator is fabricated by phosphor Gadolinium Oxysulphide and is used to produce fluorescence from the irradiation of 6MV photons on a Varian Clinac 21EX. The digitized fluoroscopic signals obtained by digital video camera will be processed by our custom made software to reproduce 3D relative dose distribution. For the intensity modulated beam(IMB), the BInS calculates absorbed dose in absolute beam fluence, which are used for the patient dose distribution. Results: Using BInS, we performed various measurements related to IMRT and found the followings: (1) The 3D dose profiles of the IMBs measured by the BInS demonstrate good agreement with radiographic film, pin type ionization chamber and Monte Carlo simulation. (2) The delivered beam intensity is altered by the mechanical and dosimetric properties of the collimating of dynamic and/or static MLC system. This is mostly due to leaf transmission, leaf penumbra, scattered photons from the round edges of leaves, and geometry of leaf. (3) The delivered dose depends on the operational detail of how to make multileaf opening. Conclusions: These phenomena result in a fluence distribution that can be substantially different from the initial and calculative intensity modulation and therefore, should be taken into account by the treatment planing for accurate dose calculations delivered to the target volume in IMRT.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.271-275
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• 1982

철제 grain bin(지름 3미터, 높이 3.17미터)을 이용하여 수분함량이 높은 벼(밀양 30호)의 자연통풍건조시험을 우리나라 가을 기후조건하에서 행하였다. 이때의 시료벼의 초기수분함량은 평균 24.5%, 시료 벼의 량은 4.19M/T, bin 내에서의 시료벼 높이는 0.9미터 그리고 풍량은 $4.81\;m^3/min/m^3$이었으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 건조시험기간중 외기의 온도는 평균 $10.5^{\circ}C$, 상대습도는 평균 58%이었다. 연속자연통풍 288시간후의 시료벼의 수분함량은 $15{\pm}0.3%$로서, 상하층의 수분함량차이는 약 0.5%이었다. 그리고 평균 건조 속도는 시간당 0.03%이었으며 전기소요량은 1kg의 수분제거량당 0.38KWh이었다. 본시험결과, 상온자연통풍에 의한 in-bin건조방법으로, 생탈곡된 고수분의 벼를 건조할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제9권8호
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• pp.1020-1029
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• 2006

대용량 QoS(Quality-of-Service) 라우터의 구현을 위해서는 보다 낮은 복잡도의 공정패킷 스케줄러가 요구된다. 타임스탬프기반 공정패킷 스케줄러의 이상적 복잡도는 O(logV), 여기서 V는 최대 수락 흐름 수, 이지만 최근 빈(bin)개념을 도입하여 O(1)으로 대폭 줄였다. 하지만 지연 특성이 악화되고 대역폭 이용도 특성이 저하될뿐만 아니라 엄격한 지연규격의 트래픽 흐름을 수용할 수 없는 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 가변 복잡도를 갖는 MBST(Mini-Bin based Start-Time) 스케줄러를 제안하고 성능특성을 분석하였다. MBST 스케줄러는 대역폭 이용도를 높이기 위해 시작시각 기반 스케줄러의 타임스탬프 계산 방식을 적용하고, 지연 특성을 개선하기 위해 미니빈(mini-bin) 개념을 도입한다. 성능 평가 결과 대역폭 이용도의 저하 없이 시작시각 기반 스케줄러의 복잡도를 $1.8{\sim}5$배 낮출 수 있었다.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2008

The bin packing problem (BPP) is an NP-Complete Problem. The problem can be described as there are $N=\{1,2,{\cdots},n\}$ which is a set of item indices and $L=\{s1,s2,{\cdots},sn\}$ be a set of item sizes sj, where $0<sj{\leq}1$, ${\forall}j{\in}N$. The objective is to minimize the number of bins used for packing items in N into a bin such that the total size of items in a bin does not exceed the bin capacity. Assume that the bins have capacity equal to one. In the past, many researchers put on effort to find the heuristic algorithms instead of solving the problem to optimality. Then, the quality of solution may be measured by the asymptotic worst-case ratio or the average-case ratio. The First Fit Decreasing (FFD) is one of the algorithms that its asymptotic worst-case ratio equals to 11/9. Many researchers prove the asymptotic worst-case ratio by using the weighting function and the proof is in a lengthy format. In this study, we found an easier way to prove that the asymptotic worst-case ratio of the First Fit Decreasing (FFD) is not more than 11/9. The proof comes from two ideas which are the occupied space in a bin is more than the size of the item and the occupied space in the optimal solution is less than occupied space in the FFD solution. The occupied space is later called the weighting function. The objective is to determine the maximum occupied space of the heuristics by using integer programming. The maximum value is the key to the asymptotic worst-case ratio.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.363-369
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• 2011

In this study, we demonstrated the release behavior of carvedilol with the content of polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP K-30) and the effect of citric acid and fumaric acid as acidifiers on the release behavior of drug. In addition, it tries to inquire into the release behavior difference of the carvedilol according to the manufacturing method. The release behavior of the tablets was compared with Dilatrand$^{(R)}$ in the simulated gastric fluid (pH1.2). Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were characterized for the physicochemical properties of the tablets. In case of mixing the carvedilol and PVP K-30, in case the ratio of the carvedilol and PVP K-30 was 1:5, the release behavior was the highest among. As well as the dissolution rate of tablets manufactured by lyophilization and rotary evaporator was higher than physical mixture. The dissolution rate of containing acidifiers was more improved. But, rather the excessive amount of the acidifier addition reduced the dissolution rate.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.195-203
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• 2011

Not only does the labor of manufacturers used most in the drying process after rice harvest, but it also is having huge influence in quality. Also, because drying storage of rice production around the whole country is scarce with original facility, it has become a very important matter that farms develop their own safe and high-quality facilities to store and dry rice. Therefore, this study developed a small scale accumulated storage and drying bin, assessed nalyzed drying properties, and conducted analysis of research on the property of quality when storing for a long time. As a result, the drying speed of the small scale accumulated storage and drying bin was adequate of 0.042%/hr and was shown that the experimental static pressure and theoretical static pressure corresponded. Also, it was shown that drying cost was up to about 6 times inexpensive that heated air drying. For the storage of the small scale accumulated storage and drying bin, average of moisture content was around 16.5 until early April and decreased to 15.7% in July. Inside storage was maintained to 12.13% until early April and slightly increased to 14% after May. It was shown that inside storage had higher hardness and rate of cracking than the small scale accumulated storage and drying bin by storage conditions and germination rate was shown a little higher when stored in the small scale accumulated storage and drying bin.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.839-846
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• 2016

Bin picking is a task of picking a small object from a bin. For accurate bin picking, the 3D pose information, position, and orientation of a small object is required because the object is mixed with other objects of the same type in the bin. Using this 3D pose information, a robotic gripper can pick an object using exact distance and orientation measurements. In this paper, we propose a 3D vision technique for accurate measurement of 3D position and orientation of small objects, on which a paper label is stuck to the surface. We use a maximally stable extremal regions (MSERs) algorithm to detect the label areas in a left bin image acquired from a stereo camera. In each label area, image features are detected and their correlation with a right image is determined by a stereo vision technique. Then, the 3D position and orientation of the objects are measured accurately using a transformation from the camera coordinate system to the new label coordinate system. For stable measurement during a bin picking task, the pose information is filtered by averaging at fixed time intervals. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed technique yields pose accuracy between 0.4~0.5mm in positional measurements and $0.2-0.6^{\circ}$ in angle measurements.