• 전자공학회논문지C
• /
• 제34C권8호
• /
• pp.8-21
• /
• 1997

In this paper, we consider resistive shorts on gate-source, gate-drain, and drain-source as well as opens in MOS FETs included in typical memory cell of VLSI SRAM and analyze behavior of memory by using PSPICE simulation. Using conventional fault models and this behavioral analysis, we propose linear testing algorithm of complexity O(N) which can be applied to both functional testing and IDDQ (quiescent power supply current) testing simultaneously to improve functionality and reliability of memory. Finally, we implement BIST (built-in self tsst) circuit and BICS(built-in current sensor), which are embedded on memory chip, to carry out functional testing efficiently and to detect various defects at high-speed respectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.363-370
• /
• 2021

As the largest organ in our body, the skin acts as a barrier against external stress and damages. There are various cell types of skin, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, and skin stem cells. Korean ginseng, which is one of the biggest distributions of ginseng worldwide, is processed into different products, such as functional food, cosmetics, and medical supplies. This review aims to introduce the functional role of Korean ginseng on different dermal cell types, including the impact of Korean ginseng in anti-photodamaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-melanogenic, and wound healing activities, etc. We propose that this information could form the basis of future research of ginseng-derived components in skin health.

• 전자공학회논문지C
• /
• 제35C권12호
• /
• pp.13-22
• /
• 1998

본 논문에서는 CMOS VLSI 회로의 IDDQ 테스팅을 위한 0.8㎛ single-poly two-metal CMOS 공정으로 제작된 고성능 내장형 전류감지기를 제안한다. 테스트 대상회로는 브리징 고장이 존재하는 4 비트 전가산기를 사용하였다. 크기가 다른 두 개의 nMOS를 사용하여 저항값이 다른 두 개의 브리징 고장을 삽입하였다. 그리고 게이트 단자를 제어하여 다양한 고장효과를 실험하였다. 제안된 내장형 전류감지기는 테스트 대상회로에 사용되는 클럭의 주기 끝에서 고장전류를 검사하여 기존에 설계된 내장형 전류감지기 보다 긴 임계전파지연 시간과 큰 면적을 가지는 테스트 대상회로를 테스트 할 수 있다. HSPICE 모의실험과 같이 제작 칩의 실험결과 제안한 내장형 전류감지기가 회로 내에 삽입된 브리징 고장을 정확하게 검출함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.536-542
• /
• 2022

Background: In aged skin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to visible aging signs. Collagens in the ECM are cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Syringaresinol (SYR), isolated from Panax ginseng berry, has various physiological activities, including anti-inflammatory action. However, the anti-aging effects of SYR via antioxidant and autophagy regulation have not been elucidated. Methods: The preventive effect of SYR on skin aging was investigated in human HaCaT keratinocytes in the presence of H₂O₂, and the keratinocyte cells were treated with SYR (0-200 ㎍/mL). mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2 and -9 were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Radical scavenging activity was researched by 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. LC3B level was assessed by Western blotting and confocal microscopy. Results: SYR significantly reduced gene expression and protein levels of MMP-9 and -2 in both H₂O₂-treated and untreated HaCaT cells. SYR did not show cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells. SYR exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities with an EC₅₀ value of 10.77 and 10.35 ㎍/mL, respectively. SYR elevated total levels of endogenous and exogenous LC3B in H₂O₂-stimulated HaCaT cells. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, counteracted the inhibitory effect of SYR on MMP-2 expression. Conclusion: SYR showed antioxidant activity and up-regulated autophagy activity in H₂O₂-stimulated HaCaT cells, lowering the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 associated with skin aging. Our results suggest that SYR has potential value as a cosmetic additive for prevention of skin aging.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제55권10호
• /
• pp.512-517
• /
• 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is brain damage which is caused by the impact of external mechanical forces. TBI can lead to the temporary or permanent impairment of physical and cognitive abilities, resulting in abnormal behavior. We recently observed that a single session of early exercise in animals with TBI improved their behavioral performance in the absence of other cognitive abnormalities. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of continuous exercise during the early stages of TBI in rats. We found that continuous low-intensity exercise in early-stage improves the locomotion recovery in the TBI of animal models; however, it does not significantly enhance short-term memory capabilities. Moreover, continuous early exercise not only reduces the protein expression of cerebral damage-related markers, such as Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein (GFAP), Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE), S100β, Protein Gene Products 9.5 (PGP9.5), and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), but it also decreases the expression of apoptosis-related protein BAX and cleaved caspase 3. Furthermore, exercise training in animals with TBI decreases the microglia activation and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the serum, such as CCL20, IL-13, IL-1α, and IL-1β. These findings thus demonstrate that early exercise therapy for TBI may be an effective strategy in improving physiological function, and that serum protein levels are useful biomarkers for the predicition of the effectiveness of early exercise therapy.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제46권6호
• /
• pp.711-721
• /
• 2022

The immune system is one of the most important parts of the human body and immunomodulation is the major function of the immune system. In response to outside pathogens or high inflammation, the immune system is stimulated or suppressed. Thus, identifying effective and potent immunostimulants or immunosuppressants is critical. Ginsenosides are a type of steroid saponin derived from ginseng. Most are harmless to the body and even have tonic effects. In this review, we mainly focus on the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of two types ginsenosides: the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type. PPT-type ginsenosides include Rg1, Rg2, Rh4, Re and notoginsenoside R1, and PPD-type ginsenosides include Rg3, Rh2, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, compound K (CK) and PPD, which activate the immune responses. In addition, Rg1 and Rg6 belong to PPT-type ginsenosides and together with Rg3, Rb1, Rd, CK show immunosuppressive properties. Current explorations of ginsenosides in immunological areas are in the preliminary stages. Therefore, this review may provide some novel ideas to researchers who study the immunoregulatory roles of ginsenosides.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
• /
• 제10권10호
• /
• pp.1260-1270
• /
• 2007

테스트 기술자들에게 아날로그 회로(또는 혼합신호 회로)의 테스트와 진단은 여전히 어려운 문제여서 이를 해결할 수 있는 효과적인 테스트 방법이 크게 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 time slot specification(TSS) 기반의 내장 전류감지기(Built-in Current Sensor)를 이용한 새로운 아날로그 회로의 테스트 기법을 제안한다. 또한 TSS에 기반 하여 고장 위치를 찾아내고 고장의 종류를 구별해 내는 방법을 제시한다. TSS 기법과 함께 제안하는 내장 전류감지기는 높은 고장 용이도와 높은 고장 검출을 그리고 아날로그 회로내 강고장과 약고장에 대한 높은 진단율을 갖는다. 제안하는 방법에서는 주출력과 전원단자등을 테스트 포인트로 사용하고 전류감지기를 자동 테스트 장치(Automatic Test Equipment)에 구성하므로써 테스트 포인트 선택과정의 복잡도를 줄일 수 있다. 내장 전류 감지기의 디지털 출력은 아날로그 IC 테스트를 위한 내장 디지털 테스트 모듈과 쉽게 연결된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제36권5호
• /
• pp.430-440
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for future research and suggest product development and market segmentation strategies by identifying the perceptions and consumption behaviors of vegetarians in each segment of the vegetarian market. According to food consumption value, a total of three market segments were derived, and the markets were named based on their characteristics, including 'environment and animal protection', 'multiple consideration' and 'low interest'. As a result of analyzing the perception of vegetarian-based food, "environment and animal protection" and "multiple consideration" presented positive perceptions of a vegetarian food product. Conversely, the group stating low interest expressed negative perceptions of the vegetarian food product. An analysis of the requirements for development for vegetarian-based foods products (eg. aquafaba), indicated that the development requirements for all products, except cultured and processed meats, were high.?Considerable demand was observed for vegetarian menus and vegetarian restaurants. As a result of the analysis on the necessity of the elements of the vegetarian restaurant menu, the subjects that stated "multiple consideration" had significantly higher awareness of issues related to vegetarian foods than others.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제47권3호
• /
• pp.420-428
• /
• 2023

Background: Ginsenoside F2 (GF2), a minor component of Panax ginseng, has been reported to possess a wide variety of pharmacological activities. However, its effects on glucose metabolism have not yet been reported. Here, we investigated the underlying signaling pathways involved in its effects on hepatic glucose. Methods: HepG2 cells were used to establish insulin-resistant (IR) model and treated with GF2. Cell viability and glucose uptake-related genes were also examined by real-time PCR and immunoblots. Results: Cell viability assays showed that GF2 up to 50 μM did not affect normal and IR-HepG2 cell viability. GF2 reduced oxidative stress by inhibiting phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling components such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38 MAPK, and reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Furthermore, GF2 activated PI3K/AKT signaling, upregulated the levels of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2) and GLUT-4 in IR-HepG2 cells, and promoted glucose absorption. At the same time, GF2 reduced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase expression as well as inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: Overall, GF2 improved glucose metabolism disorders by reducing cellular oxidative stress in IR-HepG2 cells via MAPK signaling, participating in the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway, promoting glycogen synthesis, and inhibiting gluconeogenesis.

• 전자공학회논문지B
• /
• 제32B권11호
• /
• pp.1434-1444
• /
• 1995

Current test has recently been known to be a promising testing method in CMOS VLSI because conventional voltage test can not make sure of the complete detection of bridging, gate-oxide shorts, stuck-open faults and etc. This paper presents a new BIC(built-in current sensor) for the internal current test in CMOS logic circuit. A single phase clock is used in the BIC to reduce the control circuitry of it and to perform a self- testing for a faulty current. The BIC is designed to detect the faulty current at the end of the clock period, so that it can test the CUT(circuit under test) with much longer critical propagation delay time and larger area than conventional BICs. The circuit is composed of 18 devices and verified by using the SPICE simulator.