• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.91-98
• /
• 1998

Purpose : The relationship between environmental PH on the radiation induced-apoptosis in SCK mammary adenocarcinoma cells and cell cycle dependence was investigated. Material and Methods : Mammary adenocarcinoma cells of A/J mice(SCK cells) in exponential growth phase were irradiated with a $l37^Cs$ irradiator at room temperature. The cells were irradiated 1 hour after the media was replaced with fresh media at a different pHs. After incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ for 0-48 h, the extent of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The progression of cells through the cell cycle after irradiation in different pHs was also determined with flow cytometry. Bssults : The induction of apoptosis by irradiation in pH 6.6 medium was markedly less than that in pH 7.5 medium. When the cells were irradiated and maintained in pH 7.5 medium, the percentage of cells in $G_2/M$ phase rapidly increased to about $70\%$ at 12 h after an exposure to 120y and returned to control level by 36 h. The percentage of cells in G1 phase decreased as the percentage of cells in $G_2/M$ increased. On the other hand, in pH 6.6 medium the percentage of cells in G2/M phases gradually increased to about $45\%$ at 24 h after 12Gy irradiation and then slowly recessed and consequently, as much as $30-35\%$ of the cells were still in the Ga/M phase 48 h after irradiation. The percentage of cells in G1 phase then increased as the Ga/M arrest began to recede. The radiation-induced Ga/M arrest in PH 0.0 medium lasted markedly longer than that in pH 7.5 medium. Conclusion : Radiation-induced apoptosis in SCK tumor cells are reversely suppressed in an acidic environment. Radiation-induced Ga/M arrest is prolonged in an acidic environment indicating that the suppression of radiation-induced apoptosis and prolongation of radiation-induced Ga/M arrest in an acidic environment are related.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.20 no.1 s.51
• /
• pp.7-19
• /
• 2007

Four types of fluid inclusions are trapped within tourmaline from Daeyou pegmatite, Jangsu-Gun, Jeonllabukdo. They range $5{\sim}100\;{\mu}m$ in size and are grouped into I, II, III, and IV based on the phase behavior at the room temperature: (1) Type I inclusions are liquid-rich and NaCl equivalent salinity ranged $0{\sim}12\;wt%$, and the homogenization temperatures (Th) ranged $181{\sim}230^{\circ}C$ with eutectic temperatures (Te) $-54{\sim}-22^{\circ}C$. (2) Type II inclusions are vapor-rich and salinity ranged $3{\sim}8\;wt%$ NaCl, and Th ranged $177{\sim}304^{\circ}C$ also showing Te $-54{\sim}-29^{\circ}C$. (3) Type III inclusions contain a halite daughter mineral with $31{\sim}40\;wt%$ NaCl, Th $230{\sim}328^{\circ}C$. More than 90% of Type III homogenize by halite dissolution and are spatially associated with silicate melt inclusions. (4) Type IV inclusions are $CO_{2}$-bearing containing various daughter minerals such as sylvite and/or halite. The density of $CO_{2}$ system within the Type IV is $0.80{\sim}0.75\;g/cm^{3}$, Th $190{\sim}317^{\circ}C$, and salinity $2{\sim}35\;wt%$ NaCl. Type III fluid inclusions, considered as the earliest fluid, formed from the fluid exsolved from the crystallizing pegmatite. It is suggested that Type II fluid in the central part of tourmaline were exsolved earlier than Type I fluids in the margin indicating salinity fluctuation during the growth of tourmaline. It implies the fluctuation of the pressure since the salinity of fluid exsolved from the crystallizing melt is governed by the pressure. The last fluid was Type IV, which may be derived from the nearby limestone and metasedimentary rocks. It is suggested that Daeyou pegmatite containing muscovite without miarolitic cavities was formed by the partial melting resulted from the regional metamorphism. Subsequently, the exsolving fluids from the crystallizing melt were trapped in tourmaline at high pressure condition. The exsolved fluids contain various components such as $CaCl_{2}\;and\;MgCl_{2}$ as well as NaCl and KCl. The exsolution began at least at $2.7{\sim}5.3\;kbar\;and\;230{\sim}328^{\circ}C$ with the pressure fluctuation.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.155-162
• /
• 2001

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the administration of exogenous PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ on hormone concentrations and follicular development in early postpartum(pp) Korean native goats. 1. Plasma PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated goals showed a gradual increase from a low on day 2 (GR-1 : 10 day-treatment group: 6.35$\pm$0.5 and GR-2; 4 day-treatment group: 0.22$\pm$0.2 pg/$m\ell$, respectively) to reach a peak of 21.18$\pm$1.6 or 4.21 $\pm$0.4 pg/$m\ell$ on day 4 after treatment of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$. 2. Plasma PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations in GR-1 goats averaged 9.08 $\pm$1.2 pg/$m\ell$ compared with 5.44$\pm$ 1.8 pg/$m\ell$ in GR-2 goats the day before treatment of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$. Mean PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations thereafter remained low during the treatment period but PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ concentrations did not differ between the two group. 3. Plasma concentrations of estradiol-17 $\beta$ (E,) in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ - treated group were decreased gradually until 2 days after PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment but mean $E_2$ concentrations began to increase on 3 days and were Inaximal on the 4 days after treatment. 4. Plasma lulenizing hormone (LH) concentrations in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ - treated goats were slightly higher than in controls but mean LH concentrations did not differ between the two treatment groups. 5. Plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations were suppressed in both GR-1(10 day-treatment group) and GR-2(4 day-treatment group) goats compared to saline controls but mean PRL concentrations remained lower in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated animals during post-treatment period. 6. The mean number of small and medium follicles present when PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ was administrated was similar in all does but the increase in number of large follicles($\geq$4mm) tended to be higher in PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treated group than controls. These results suggest that concentrations of PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ and estradiol-17$\beta$ were positively correlared with follicular diameter. We conclude that PG $F_{2{\alpha}}$ treatment stimulates follicular development similarly in both GR-1 and GR-2 group.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.571-584
• /
• 2004

It is known widely that granulosa cell apoptosis leads follicular atresia and macrophages exert their effects directly and/or indirectly from the initiation to the completion of follicular atresia by phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies and secretion of various cytokines. However, the site of initiation, propagation routes and the elimination methods of apoptotic bodies, and the time and methods of penetration of macrophages into the follicles are not known completely. Using pig(Yorkshire-breed) ovary, immunohistochemical studies with TUNEL for apoptotic bodies and pig macrophage monoclonal antibody 4E9 for macrophages, and light and transmission electron microscopic observations were performed. In the pig, follicular atresia began with the granulosa cell apoptosis, and the apoptosis of theca intema cells occured at the same time. The apoptosis of granulosa cells initiated randomly within the granulosa cell layer and propagated rapidly into the whole layer. Ultrastructura1ly, apoptotic granulosa cells showed characteristic pyknotic and deformed nucleus and intracytoplasmic vesicles. Apoptotic bodies were eliminated by intact granulosa cells and macrophages. Intact granulosa cells ingested apoptotic bodies transiently, soon after they fell into the apoptosis. Finally, apoptotic bodies and degenerated oocyte were phagocytosed by macrophages. Macrophages entered the ovarian follicle at the time of initiation of granulosa cell apoptosis, and migrated with the progression of apoptosis. By elimination of theca cells, macrophages contributed the completion of follicular atresia These results will provide valuable informations on the study of the interrelation between macrophage and ovarian follicular atresia.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.61 no.1
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2016

To investigate the effect of soluble silicate zeolite dressing of the rice against bakanae disease, field trial in reclaimed land and in vitro were carried out. The coated rice seeds (SCS) which were dressed with the mixture of 25% silicic acids (binder), and the zeolite (coating powder). In wet direct seeding, uniform scattering of rice seeds on the soil surface and the better seedling establishment were shown in SCS treatment plots. The incidence of bakanae disease began from the mid tillering stage toward the heading stage. Around heading stage, the ratio of infected tillers reached its highest point by 9.9% in non-SCS treatment plots. While, in SCS treatment plots, the ratio of infected tillers was no more than 0.01%. The vitality of the pathogenic fungi of bakanae disease in the SCS and non-SCS samples were assessed. Samples were incubated for one week keeping proper humidity at $30^{\circ}C$ after inoculated with panicles of infected rice plants from experimental field plots. In non-SCS treatment, pinkish colonies were formed on the grain surface of panicle of infected plants, and mycelium, macro-conidia and micro-conidia were developed actively inside part of infected grain inoculated. While in SCS treatment, micro-conidia and mycelium were not survived and the growth of macro-conidia, mycelia were greatly inhibited and withered. Based on the results, it is concluded that the environmental friendly control of bakanae disease by use of SCS is possible and soluble silicate can be applied as agents for replacement of seed disinfection.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.69-78
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of waterlogging on the net photosynthetic rate, root activity and fruit yield of hot pepper. Plants were grown in two greenhouses: extractor fans and side ventilators began to operate when the inside temperature reached $25^{\circ}C$ in one greenhouse and $35^{\circ}C$ in the other. Waterlogging treatments were performed 54 days after transplanting (when fruit setting at the second flower truss was complete). The plot in each greenhouse was divided into five sections, and each section was watered for 0, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h using drip irrigation. Plants under $25^{\circ}C$ and non - waterlogging treatment exhibited in the greatest growth among treatments. Plant growth generally decreased as the waterlogging period increased. The net photosynthetic rate was highest under non - waterlogging and $25^{\circ}C$ treatment and lowest under 72 h waterlogging and $25^{\circ}C$ treatment. The root activity decreased as the waterlogging period increased, except for plants under 72 h waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$. The number and weight of red pepper fruits per plant were highest under non - waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$. The greatest fruit yield was also observed under non - waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$, with production reaching 3,697 kg / 10a. At the appropriate temperature for hot pepper ($25^{\circ}C$), yields were reduced by 25 - 30% under 12, 24 and 48 h waterlogging treatment compared to non - waterlogging treatment. These results indicate that longer waterlogging periods reduce the growth, net photosynthetic rate, root activity and yields of hot pepper. However, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of hot pepper plants grown under 72 h waterlogging treatment recovered nine days after growth under normal growth conditions.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.74-77
• /
• 2007

Purpose: We evaluated how many patients received radiotherapy and how many those of them could not complete radiation therapy in Hospice Ward. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the general characteristics in 33 patients who began to receive palliative radiation therapy, and radiation dose and reasons of not-completing radiation therapy in Hospice Ward of St. Vincent's Hospital. Results: Thirty three (8.2%) among 404 patients who had been admitted from November 2003 and October 2005 received palliative radiation therapy. The main indications of radiation therapy included brain metastasis, painful bone metastasis, painful tumor mass, and obstructive shortness of breath. Forty five percent of these patients could not complete. And 20% could receive less than 1/3 of planned radiation dose. They failed to complete the treatment often due to poor general rendition. Conclusion: Although palliative radiation therapy had been used frequently for patients with advanced cancer in Hospice Ward of St. Vincent's Hospital, but it was often not completed. With appropriate selection criteria of patients and shorter modification of radiation treatment period, more patients would be benefited with palliative radiation therapy in Hospice Ward.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.217-226
• /
• 2015

To investigate the distributions of BVOCs (Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds) from mountain near mega city and their role in forest atmospheric, BVOCs and their oxidized species were measured at a 41 m tower in Mt. Taehwa during May, June and August 2013. A proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) was used to quantify isoprene and monoterpenes. In conjunction with BVOCs, $O_3$, meteorological parameters, PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) and LAI (Leaf Area Index) were measured. The average concentrations of isoprene and monoterpenes were 0.71 ppbv and 0.17 ppbv, respectively. BVOCs showed higher concentrations in the early summer (June) compared to the late summer (August). Isoprene started increasing at 2 PM and reached the maximum concentration around 5 PM. In contrast, monoterpenes concentrations began to increase 4 PM and stayed high at night. The $O_3$ maximum was generally found at 3 PM and remained high until 5 PM or later, which was concurrent with the enhancement of $O_3$. The concentrations of BVOCs were higher below canopy (18 m) than above canopy, which indicated these species were produced by trees. At night, monoterpenes concentrations were negatively correlated with these of $O_3$ below canopy. Using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), the emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes were estimated at 1.1 ton/year and 0.9 ton/year, respectively at Mt. Taehwa.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.9-30
• /
• 1985

The study was carried out to find out the changes of the sex hormone levels in the milk of Holstein cows during the reproductive stages such as the estrous cycle, pregnancy and periparturient period. The FSH, LH, estradiol-17$\beta$ and progesterone from the milk samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The levels of progesterone and estradiol-17$\beta$ were similar among inter-quarters, but they were higher in after milking than before milking times, with no statistical significance. 2. The milk progesterone levels during the estrous cycles reached a peak mean level of 3.55$\pm$0.26ng/$m\ell$ at 15 days after estrus and they did not show any differences among the length of estrous cycles. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the estrous cycles showed a peak level of 36.40$\pm$2.38pg/$m\ell$ at estrus, and decreased(17.20$\pm$0.46 pg/$m\ell$ to 18.65$\pm$1.26pg/$m\ell$) at luteal phase. 3. The FSH levels during the estrous cycles ranged from 2.25$\pm$0.23mIU/$m\ell$ to 4.35$\pm$0.24mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. The LH levels during the estrous cycles gradually increased and remained a peak level of 10.90$\pm$0.36mIU/$m\ell$ from 20 to 25 days after estrus. 4. The progesterone levels during the pregnancy were decreased from 30 to 60 days after artificial insemination, and therafter continuously increased until 240 days. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the pregnancy were 24.56$\pm$1.19pg/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial inseminaton, and increased rapidly until 180 days. The levles were agagin decreased by 26.17$\pm$3.03pg/$m\ell$ until 210 days and markedly increased by 68.00$\pm$8.70pg/$m\ell$ until 240 days. 5. The prolactin levels during the pregnancy were 31.27$\pm$2.31ng/$m\ell$ and 42.60$\pm$2.37ng/$m\ell$ at day 150 and 240 after artificial insemination respectively. The LH levels during the pregnancy reached a peak of 27.47$\pm$7.90mIU/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial insemination, and thereafter gradually decreased. 6. The progesterone levels during the periparturient period reached a peak of 4.61$\pm$0.34ng/$m\ell$ at day 3 prepartum, and thereafter gradually decreased, and showed 2.05$\pm$0.60ng/$m\ell$ at day 7 postpartum. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the periparturient period showed high level from 207.23$\pm$6.04pg/$m\ell$ at day 1 prepartum to 239.90$\pm$13.90pg/$m\ell$ at day 2 prepartum, and thereafter began to decline and reached 51.87$\pm$1.72pg/$m\ell$ at by 7 postpartum. 7. The prolactin levels during the periparturient period showed relatively higher level at the time of parturition. The LH levels during the periparturient period rnage from 6.32$\pm$0.32mIU/$m\ell$ to 13.90$\pm$1.37mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. 8. The progesterone levels(4.6$\pm$0.8ng/$m\ell$) of the pregnant cows were significantly higher than those (1.84$\pm$1.4ng/$m\ell$) of nonpregnant cows. The cows of artificial insemination from 61 to 90 days after parturition showed higher progesterone levels. 9. During 20 to 25 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from milk progesterone levels were 94.4% for nonpregnant cows(<2.3ng/$m\ell$), and 75.0% for pregnant cows( 3.2ng/$m\ell$). The average overall accuracy of pregnancy prediction for nonpregnant and pregnant cows 83.3% 10. The results obtained this study suggest that the understanding of the endocrinological mechanisms by means of milk hormone analysis during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and parturition would give the basic information needed for increasing efficiency of reproduction. This study would not only provide an accurate method of the early pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone levels but also contribute to the research of providing the method of detecting of FSH levels in milk, which was difficult in blood serum.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.561-572
• /
• 2008

Responses of real-time control parameters, such as ORP, DO and pH, to the conditions of biological animal wastewater treatment process were examined to evaluate the stability of real-time control using each parameter. Also an optimum index for supplemental carbon source addition based on NOx-N level was determined under a consideration of denitrification rate by endogenous respiration of microorganism and residual organic matter in liquor. Experiment was performed with lab-scale sequencing batch reactor(SBR) and working volume of the process was 45L. The distinctive nitrogen break point(NBP) on ORP-and DO-time profiles, which mean the termination of nitrification, started disappearing with the maintenance of low NH4-N loading rate. Also the NBP on ORP-and DO-time profiles was no longer observed when high NOx-N was loaded into the reactor, and the sensitivity of ORP became dull with the increase of NOx-N level. However, the distinctive NBP was constantly occurred on pH(mV)-time profile, maintaining unique profile patterns. This stable occurrence of NBP on pH(mV)-time profile was lasted even at very high NOx-N:NH4-N ratio(over 80:1) in reactor, and the specific point could be easily detected by tracking moving slope change(MSC) of the curve. Revelation of NBP on pH(mV)-time profile and recognition of the realtime control point using MSC were stable at a condition of over 300mg/L NOx-N level in reactor. The occurrence of distinctive NBP was persistent on pH(mV)-time profile even at a level of 10,000mg/L STOC(soluble total organic carbon) and the recognition of NBP was feasible by tracing MSC, but that point on ORP and DO-time profiles began to disappear with the increase of STOC level in reactor. The denitrfication rate by endogenous respiration and residual organic matter was about 0.4mg/L.hr., and it was found that 0.83 would be accepted as an index for supplemental carbon source addition when 0.1 of safety factor was applied.