• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.865-871
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• 2016

In recent years, traditional scaffold fabrication techniques such as gas foaming, salt leaching, sponge replica, and freeze casting in tissue engineering have significantly limited sufficient mechanical property and cell interaction effect due to only random pores. Fused deposition modeling is the most apposite technology for fabricating the 3D scaffolds using the polymeric materials in tissue engineering application. In this study, 3D slurry mould was fabricated with a blended biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP)/Silica/Alginic acid sodium salt slurry in PCL mould and heated for two hours at $100^{\circ}C$ to harden the blended slurry. 3D dual-pore BCP/Silica scaffold, composed of macro pores interconnected with micro pores, was successfully fabricated by sintering at furnace of $1100^{\circ}C$. Surface morphology and 3D shape of dual-pore BCP/Silica scaffold from scanning electron microscopy were observed. Also, the mechanical properties of 3D BCP/Silica scaffold, according to blending ratio of alginic acid sodium salt, were evaluated through compression test.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.582-587
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• 2004

Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP) consisted of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and $\beta$-tricalcium phosphate (P-TCP) has been prepared by solid state reaction. The size reduction of the resultant BCP agglomerate was carried out by reaction with hot water under atmospheric condition uld also under high pressure using an autoclave. The influence of processing conditions on the change of crystalline phase and composition, relative amount of constituent, specific surface area, and microstructure was investigated by means of XRD, FT-IR, BET method using a nitrogen adsorption and SEM.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.322-331
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• 2022

Background: The combined use of biomaterials for regeneration may have great biological relevance. This study aimed to compare the regenerative potential of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) alone and with growth factor enamel matrix derivatives (EMDs) for the regeneration of intrabony defects at 1 year. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 40 sites in 29 patients with stage II/III periodontitis and 2/3 wall intrabony defects that were treated with BCP alone (control group) or a combination of BCP and EMD (test group). BCP alloplastic bone grafts provide better bio-absorbability and accelerate bone formation. EMDs are commercially available amelogenins. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for the following parameters: plaque index (PI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), vertical probing pocket depth (V-PPD), vertical clinical attachment level (V-CAL), and radiographic defect depth (RDD). Student paired and unpaired t-tests were used to compare the data from baseline to 12 months for each group and between the groups, respectively. The results were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Results: At 12 months, the PI and PBI scores of the control and test groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). The mean V-PPD difference, V-CAL gain, and RDD difference were statistically significant in both groups at 12 months (p<0.001 for all parameters). Intergroup comparisons showed that the mean V-PPD reduction (2.13±1.35 mm), V-CAL gain (2.53±1.2 mm), and RDD fill (1.33±1.0 mm) were statistically significant between the groups at 12 months (p<0.001 for all parameters). Conclusion: BCP and EMDs combination is a promising modality for the regeneration of intrabony defects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.166-172
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the improvement of osteogenic potential of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bone substitute coated with synthetic cell-binding peptide sequences in a standardized rabbit sinus model. Methods: Standardized 6-mm diameter defects were created bilaterally on the maxillary sinus of ten male New Zealand white rabbits, receiving BCP bone substitute coated with synthetic cell binding peptide sequences on one side (experimental group) and BCP bone substitute without coating (control group) on the other side. Histologic and histomorphometric analysis of bone formation was carried out after a healing period of 4 or 8 weeks. Results: Histological analysis revealed signs of new bone formation in both experimental groups (4- and 8-week healing groups) with a statistically significant increase in bone formation in the 4-week healing group compared to the control group. However, no statistically significant difference in bone formation was found between the 8-week healing group and the control group. Conclusions: This study found that BCP bone substitute coated with synthetic cell-binding peptide sequences enhanced osteoinductive potential in a standardized rabbit sinus model and its effectiveness was greater in the 4-week healing group than in the 8-week healing group.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.350-359
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a minimal concentration of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in terms of quantitative and qualitative analyses of newly formed bone in a rabbit maxillary sinus model. Methods: In 7 rabbits, sinus windows were prepared bilaterally. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) loaded with 0.05 mg/mL BMP-2 was grafted into one sinus (the BMP group) and saline-soaked BCP was placed into the other (the control group) in each animal. The animals were allowed an 8-week healing period before being sacrificed. Specimens including the augmented area and surrounding tissues were then removed and evaluated both radiographically and histologically. Results: There was a difference in the mineralization of new bone between the groups. In the BMP group, the greater part of the new bone consisted of mature lamellar bone with an evident trabecular pattern, whereas the control group showed mostly woven bone, consisting only partially of lamellar bone. Histometrically, the area of new bone was significantly greater ($4.55{\pm}1.35mm^2$ vs. $2.99{\pm}0.86mm^2$) in the BMP group than in the control group (P<0.05); however, the total augmentation volumes were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be suggested that a minimal concentration of BMP-2 (0.05 mg/mL) had an osteoinductive effect with accelerated mineralization in a rabbit sinus model using a BCP carrier.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.381-387
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate volumetric and histologic changes in edentulous alveolar ridge areas after ridge preservation using basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (bFGF-2) in combination with collagenated biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). Methods: The experiments were performed in 6 adult male beagle dogs. The following 3 groups were created: 1) ridge preservation with bFGF-2 and collagenated BCP (experimental group), 2) ridge preservation with collagenated BCP (positive control group), and 3) a negative control group in which no ridge preservation procedure was performed. Volumetric change analysis was performed using an optical scanner and casts. Histological observations were made using light microscopy. Results: After the initial swelling subsided, the magnitude of the volumetric change in the experimental group and positive control group was smaller than in the negative control group. In the experimental group, a distinct trend was observed for the resorption of residual bone and collagen fibers at 4 weeks and for more mature bone and faster healing at 12 weeks. Conclusions: Based on the findings of the present study, bFGF-2 may be considered for use as a therapeutic molecule in ridge preservation procedures.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.203-207
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• 2019

Calcium phosphates such as hydroxyapatite (HAp), tricalcium phosphate (${\beta}$-TCP), and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP, HAp/${\beta}$-TCP) have been prepared via hydrothermal treatment. The synthesis was conducted by reacting ($Ca(OH)_2$) aqueous solution with phosphoric acid ($H_3PO_4$) under different hydrothermal synthesis conditions (temperatures up to $150^{\circ}C$ and pH lower than 12). The effects of initial precursor Ca/P ratio (1.30, 1.50 and 1.67) and post heat treatment on the phase evolution behavior of the powders and sintered ceramics were investigated. The phases of resulting powders and sintered ceramics were controllable by adjusting the initial Ca/P ratio. A single HAp phase without any noticeable second phase was obtained for the initial Ca/P ratio of 1.67 in the overall heat treatment range. Pure ${\beta}$-TCP and biphasic calcium phosphate (HAp/${\beta}$-TCP) were synthesized from precursor solutions having Ca/P molar ratios of 1.30 and 1.50, respectively, after having been heat treated at $900^{\circ}C$ or higher. Dense ceramics with translucency were obtained at considerably lower sintering temperatures.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.14-27
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• 2020

Purpose: To overcome several drawbacks of chemically-crosslinked collagen membranes, modification processes such as ultraviolet (UV) crosslinking and the addition of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) to collagen membranes have been introduced. This study evaluated the efficacy and biocompatibility of BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane for guided bone regeneration (GBR) in a rabbit calvarial model. Methods: Four circular bone defects (diameter, 8 mm) were created in the calvarium of 10 rabbits. Each defect was randomly allocated to one of the following groups: 1) the sham control group (spontaneous healing); 2) the M group (defect coverage with a BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane and no graft material); 3) the BG (defects filled with BCP particles without membrane coverage); and 4) the BG+M group (defects filled with BCP particles and covered with a BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane in a conventional GBR procedure). At 2 and 8 weeks, rabbits were sacrificed, and experimental defects were investigated histologically and by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Results: In both micro-CT and histometric analyses, the BG and BG+M groups at both 2 and 8 weeks showed significantly higher new bone formation than the control group. On micro-CT, the new bone volume of the BG+M group (48.39±5.47 ㎣) was larger than that of the BG group (38.71±2.24 ㎣, P=0.032) at 8 weeks. Histologically, greater new bone area was observed in the BG+M group than in the BG or M groups. BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane did not cause an abnormal cellular reaction and was stable until 8 weeks. Conclusions: Enhanced new bone formation in GBR can be achieved by simultaneously using bone graft material and a BCP-supplemented UV-crosslinked collagen membrane, which showed high biocompatibility and resistance to degradation, making it a biocompatible alternative to chemically-crosslinked collagen membranes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.475-476
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• 2006

Using microwave synthesized HAp nano powder and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a pore-forming agent, the porous biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics were fabricated depending on the sintering temperature. The synthesized HAp powders was about 70-90 nm in diameter. In the porous sintered bodies, the pores having $150-180\;{\mu}m$ were homogeneously dispersed in the BCP matrix. Some amounts of pores interconnected due the necking of PMMA powders which will increase the osteoconductivity and ingrowth of bone-tissues while using as a bone substrate. As the sintering temperature increased, the relative density increased and showed the maximum value of 79.6%. From the SBF experiment, the maximum resorption of $Ca^{2+}$ ion was observed in the sample sintered at $1000^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.sup2
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• pp.223-230
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• 2009

Purpose: Synthetic bone products such as biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) are mixtures of hydroxyapatite (HA) and ${\beta}$-tricalcium phosphate (${\beta}$- TCP). In periodontal therapies and implant treatments, BCP provides to be a good bone reconstructive material since it has a similar chemical composition to biological bone apatites. The purpose of this study was to compare bone regeneration capacity of two commercially available BCP. Methods: Calvarial defects were prepared in sixteen 9-20 months old New Zealand White male rabbits. BCP with HA and ${\beta}$- TCP (70:30) and BCP with Silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) and ${\beta}$-TCP (60:40) particles were filled in each defect. Control defects were filled with only blood clots. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 week postoperatively. Histomorphometric analysis was performed. Results: BCP with HAand ${\beta}$- TCP 8 weeks group and BCP with Si-HA and ${\beta}$- TCP 4 and 8 weeks groups showed statistically significant in crease (P <0.05) in augmented area than control group. Newly formed bone area after 4 and 8 weeks was similar among all the groups. Residual materials were slightly more evident in BCP with HA and ${\beta}$- TCP 8 weeks group. Conclusions: Based on histological results, BCP with HA and ${\beta}$- TCP and BCP with Si-HA and ${\beta}$- TCP appears to demonstrate acceptable space maintaining capacity and elicit significant new bone formation when compared to natural bone healing in 4 and 8 week periods.