• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2023

This experimental study investigates the effectiveness of applying carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) jackets for the retrofit of short reinforced concrete (RC) columns with inadequate transverse reinforcement and stirrup spacing to longitudinal rebar diameter equal to 12. RC columns scaled at 1/3, with round and square section, were subjected to axial compression up to failure. A damage scale is introduced for the assessment of the damage severity, which focusses on the extent of buckling of the longitudinal rebars. The damaged specimens were subsequently repaired with unidirectional CFRP jackets without any treatment of the buckled reinforcing bars and were finally re-tested to failure. Test results indicate that CFRP jackets may be effectively applied to rehabilitate RC columns (a) with inadequate transverse reinforcement constructed according to older practices so as to meet modern code requirements, and (b) with moderately buckled bars without the need of previously repairing the reinforcement bars, an application technique which may considerably facilitate the retrofit of earthquake damaged RC columns. Factors for the estimation of the reduced mechanical properties of the repaired specimens compared to the respective values for intact CFRP-jacketed specimens, in relation to the level of damage prior to retrofit, are proposed both for the compressive strength and the average modulus of elasticity. It was determined that the compressive strength of the retrofitted CFRP-jacketed columns is reduced by 90% to 65%, while the average modulus of elasticity is lower by 60% to 25% in respect to similar undamaged columns jacketed with the same layers of CFRP.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

This paper discusses a framework for predicting the flexural strength of prestressed and non-prestressed FRP reinforced T-shaped concrete beams using soft computing techniques. An analysis of 83 tests performed on T-beams of varying widths has been conducted for this purpose with different widths of compressive face, beam depth, compressive strength of concrete, area of prestressed and non-prestressed FRP bars, elasticity modulus of prestressed and non-prestressed FRP bars, and the ultimate tensile strength of prestressed and non-prestressed FRP bars. By analyzing the data using two soft computing techniques, named artificial neural networks (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP), the fundamental parameters affecting the flexural performance of prestressed and non-prestressed FRP reinforced T-shaped beams were identified. The results showed that although the proposed ANN model outperformed the GEP model with higher values of R and lower error values, the closed-form equation of the GEP model can provide a simple way to predict the effect of input parameters on flexural strength as the output. The sensitivity analysis results revealed the most influential input parameters in ANN and GEP models are respectively the beam depth and elasticity modulus of FRP bars.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권3호
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• pp.361-373
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• 2022

This paper examines the flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars under fatigue loading. Experiments were carried out on concrete beams of size 1500×200×100 mm reinforced with 10 mm and 13 mm diameter GFRP bars under fatigue loading. Experimental investigations revealed that fatigue loading affects both strength and serviceability properties of GFRP reinforced concrete. Experimental results indicated that (i) the concrete beams experienced increase in deflection with increase in number of cycles and failed suddenly due to snapping of rebars and (ii) the fatigue life of concrete beams drastically decreased with increase in stress level. Analytical model presented a procedure for predicting the deflection of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars under cyclic loading. Deflection of concrete beams was computed by considering the aspects such as stiffness degradation, force equilibrium equations and effective moment of inertia. Nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis was performed on concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars. Appropriate constitutive relationships for concrete and GFRP bars were considered in the numerical modelling. Concrete non linearity has been accounted through concrete damage plasticity model available in ABAQUS. Deflection versus number of cycles obtained experimentally for various beams was compared with the analytical and numerical predictions. It was observed that the predicted values are comparable (less than 20% difference) with the corresponding experimental observations.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제91권4호
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• pp.335-347
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• 2024

This paper presents the behavior of geopolymer concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. In the study, ordinary Portland cement concrete and geopolymer concrete beams having GFRP bars were prepared and tested under four-point loading. The load-deflection diagrams and load capacities of the tested beams were obtained. It was observed that the tested beams exhibited good ductility and significant deflection capacity. The results showed that increasing the tension GFRP reinforcement ratio caused enhancement in the strength capacity of geopolymer concrete beams. In addition, the tested beams were analyzed to obtain the load capacity and the load-deflection responses. The theoretical load-deflection curves and load bearing capacities have been predicted well with the test results. Parametric study has been performed to determine the influences of concrete strength, shear span to depth ratio (a/d) and reinforcement ratio on the behavior of geopolymer concrete beams longitudinally reinforced with GFRP bars. It was concluded that increasing concrete strength led to an increase in load capacity. Besides, the ultimate load increased as the reinforcement ratio increased. On the other hand, increasing a/d ratio reduced the ultimate load value of GFRP reinforced geopolymer concrete beams.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1978

토양(土壤)의 Water potential(${\psi}_s$)을 몇 단계 다르게 설정(設定)한 경우(境遇) 삽수(揷穗)의 Leaf water potential(${\psi}_l$)은 일일중(一日中) 어떻게 변화(變化)하며, 삽목후(揷木後) 시간(時間)의 경과(經過)와 수종간(樹種間), 삽수(揷穗)의 형태적(形態的) 요인별(要因別), Hormone 처리(處理)의 경우(境遇) 삽수(揷穗)의 ${\psi}_l$변화(變化) pattern은 어떻게 변화(變化)하고 있는 가를 밝혀 삽상(揷床)의 수분영리(水分營理) 지침(指針)의 기초적(基礎的) 자료(資料)를 만들기 위하여 본실험(本實驗)을 하였다. 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. Leaf water potential(${\psi}_l$)의 변화(變化)에 있어 아왜나무, 서향나무의 삽수(揷穗)의 경우(境遇) ${\psi}_s$가 0 bar일때는 토성(土性)에 관계(關係)없는 변화(變化) pattern을 나타내었다. ${\psi}_s$가 -0.01bar 이상(以上)일때는 L.S.가 S.C.보다 -1bar 정도(程度)의 간격(間隔)으로서 최고치(最高値)에 도달(到達)하였다. 2. 일일중(一日中)의 ${\psi}_l$의 변화(變化)는 삽목후(揷木後) 시간(時間)의 경과(經過)와 ${\psi}_s$별(別)로 차이(差異)가 있으나, 최고치(最高値)는 0.2~0.6시(時)에 나타났으며, 아왜나무와 서향나무의 경우(境遇) ${\psi}_s$가 -0.01~-0.02bar이상(以上)일때는 -3bars, -0.03bar 이하(以下)일때는 -4bars를 나타내었으며, 최소치(最小値)는 -20~-22bars 정도(程度)였다. 15일(日)째에 있어서는 5일(日)째보다 최고치(最高値)에 머무르는 시간(時間)이 1/2정도(程度)에 지나지 않았고, ${\psi}_l$의 증가(增加)의 경우(境遇) 시간당(時間當) -1~-2bars정도(程度) 늦게 최고치(最高値)에 도달(到達)하였고, 일일중(一日中)의 ${\psi}_l$의 변화(變化) pattern은 온도(溫度)와 상대습도(相對濕度)의 변화(變化)에 따라 민감(敏感)하게 변화(變化)하고 있다. 3. 아왜나무 삽수(揷穗)의 경우(境遇) IAA 50ppm 처리구(處理區)는 무처리구(無處理區)에 비교(比較)하여 삽목후(揷木後) 15일(日)째에 있어 -2~-3bars 늦게 최고치(最高値)에 도달(到達)하였으며, 최고치(最高値)에 머무르는 시간(時間)도 1/2정도(程度)에 지나지 않았다. 4. 아왜나무는 본실험(本實驗) 조건내(條件內)에서 4엽(葉)을 가진 삽수(揷穗)가 2엽(葉)을 가진 삽수(揷穗)보다 시간당(時間當) -2~-3bars 늦게 최고치(最高値)에 도달(到達)하며 그 발근량(發根量)도 많았다. (Table. 1) 5. 회양목 삽수(揷穗)의 ${\psi}_l$의 변화(變化) pattern은 8엽(葉)이 4엽(葉)보다 시간당(時間當) -2~-3bars 늦게 최고치(最高値)에 도달(到達)하나 발근량(發根量)이 적은 것을 고려(考慮)하면(Table. 2) 발근(拔根)의 생리적(生理的) 저항외(抵抗外)에 상대습도(相對濕度)의 부족(不足)으로 인(因)한 삽수내(揷穗內)의 수분부족(水分不足)에 의한 세포(細胞)의 활력(活力) 쇠퇴(衰退)에 기인(基因)한 저항(抵抗)의 증대(增大)로 인(因)한 변화(變化) pattern임을 예측(豫測)할 수 있다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.935-940
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• 2002

This paper presents the failure mode on Headed Bars and prediction of tensile capacity, which is governed by concrete cone failure. 17 different plate types, three different concrete strengths and three different welding types of specimens were simulated. Static tensile load was applied Headed Bars were manufactured in different areas, and their shape and thickness are based on ASTM 970-98. Calculation of embedment length in concrete is conducted based on CSA 23.3-94, and static tensile load was applied. Tested pullout capacities were compared to the values determined using current design methods such as ACI-349 and CCD method.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2015

This study is devoted to the optimal design of compressed bars under axial tensile or compressive forces and exposed to a corrosive environment. Dolinskii's linear stress corrosion model is adopted for analysis. Analytical and numerical results are derived for optimal variation of the cross-sectional area of the bar along its axis.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.402-403
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• 2009

Accelerated aging tests were conducted under laboratory conditions on two generator stator bars. Electrical stress is applied in No. 1 model stator bar. Electrical and thermal stresses are applied in No. 2 model stator bar. As aging times increased from 0 to 11460h, dissipation factor($tan{\delta}$) test was performed on No. 1 and No.2 model stator bars. The ${\Delta}tan{\delta}$ of No. 1 and No. 2 stator bars increased with increased in aging time.

• KCI Concrete Journal
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2001

A simple expression to predict bond strength of reinforcing bars with rib deformation to the surrounding is derived for the case of splitting bond failure. Finite element analysis is used to model the confining behavior of concrete cover. The roles of the interfacial properties, specifically, the friction coefficient, cohesion, the relative rib area and the rib face angle are examined. Values of bond strength obtained using the analytical model are in good agreement with the bond test results from the previous studies. The analytical model provides insight into interfacial bond mechanisms and the effects of the key variables on the bond strength of deformed bars to concrete. Based on the comparison between the analytical results and the test results, the values of cohesion, coefficient of friction, and the effective rib face angle are proposed.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2012년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.195-196
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• 2012

Because of the high level of the safety and durability, a lot of reinforcing bars is placed in the concrete structure of the Nuclear Power Plant. But the overcrowding re-bars cause some problems during the construction as the diseconomy, construction delay, quality deterioration, and so on. These problems can be solved by applying the high-strength reinforcing bars to NPP structure. To achieve this, after analysing the structural target performance like the control of cracks, adherence, shear, torsion, development of reinforcement and earthquake-resistance, the results of the analysis will be reflected in the structural performance evaluation test.