• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.182-196
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic resources for developing a parish nursing program. We did this by investigating what demands were made on the parish nursing service by the parishes or churches under review. The subjects of this study were 96 pastors located throughout the City of Busan. NP (New paragraph) $\gg$ We conducted our research by utilizing a modified version of the study created by Hwang (2000) and by using the help of prior research and professionals gathered from the parish nurse questionnaire by Djupe (1990). The data in this study were collected from July 1 to Oct. 31, 2001, using the questionnaire method. The Data were analyzed by: (a) frequency: (b) percentage: (c) mean: (d) standard deviation, and x^2-test$ with SPSS/PC program. The study has found the follows: 1. For subjects making demands on the parish nursing service, 95.8% were in need of using the services of parish nurses. On the demands of parish nursing service for the subjects, 95.8% the necessity of parish nursing services. And they answered by their intention of asking for parish nursing service practice. 2. Of the subjects under review, 71.9% were part-time workers and 28.1% were full-time employees 71.9% of part time and 28.1% of full times duty. In terms of the method of pay for work, 41.8% were pay free or freelance while 51.2% were on salary. And engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher was 88.5%. 3. The demand for nursing services in various categories were as follows. (a) hospice care: (4.02 1.11), (b) health screening: (3.98 1.09), (c) home visiting: (3.97 1.16), (d) group health education: (3.81 1.12), (e) organization of volunteer groups: (3.75 1.12), (f) individual health education: (3.75 1.14), (g) advice on choosing hospital or hospital consultation: (3.69 1.21) and (h) individual counseling: (3.51 1.31). 4. In terms of the specific services rendered by parish nurses. our study found that services were needed for the following: physical symptom management; preparation before death in spiritual preparation for death, blood pressure check in health examination, home visiting where the patient makes phone call, management of chronic disease in group health education, disease management in individual health education, advice on choosing hospital, or hospital consultation: and physical problems in individual counseling. 5. With respect to whether there was a correlation between what church a pastor came from and the types of demands made, there was NO significant difference found. 6. In relation to the characteristics of the subjects and their church and the hope demands (duty pattern and method of payment and engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher) for parish nurses, these had non significant differences. In conclusion, the perception of parish nursing service is very high. Moreover, we found that there is a great demand for well ordered parish nursing services to promote the health of each congregation. Before doing so, it would be better to make things known and to consider the relevant characteristics shown in the researched results.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 1998

Variations of hepatocyte in the larval liver of grouper, Epinephelus akaara wre examined to understand the effect of starvation during the first feeding period, 3 to 5 days after hatching. Total length of the fed larvae increased from the 5th day after hatching, although no significant difference between the fed and starved larvae was found untill the 4th day after hatching. Survival rate of the starved larvae decreased from the 4th day after hatching, and almost all of the larvae died by the 5th day after hatching. Nuclear size of hepatocyte in the starved larvae starterd to decrease from the 4th day after hatching. The sizes by 4th and 5th days after hatching in the starved larvae were 1.4 to 1.9 times smaller than those in the fed ones. Hepatocytes in the starved larvae showed irregular morphology in which the nuclei were irregularly shrunk and highly compacted from the 4th day, while hepatocyte nuclei in the fed ones maintained their uniform features during the whole experimental period. These results implied that the initial larval food should be supplied at least within the 4th day after hatching. Also, it suggested that the size of hepatocyte nucleus might be and indicator of starvation for wild and cultured grouper larvae.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.31 no.3 s.86
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• pp.311-323
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• 2001

One of the various mechanics used to treat unilateral Class II malocclusion is head gear with asymmetric face bow. We made the finite element models of unilateral Class II maxillary dental arch and power arm asymmetric face bow. We designed this experiment to observe stress distribution of periodontal ligament, reaction force, and displacement and to understand force system, so to predict the therapeutic effect. On the basis of computerized tomograph of maxillary dental arch of 25 years old male with normal occlusion without extraction and orthodontic treatment history, we made finite element models of maxillary dental arch and periodontal ligament. Then we modified that model to unilateral maxillary Class II malocclusion model of which maxillary left molar displaced mesially. Also, We made finite element model of asymmetric face bow of which right outer bow shorter than left by 25mm(RMO, Penta-FormTM/Medium size, 0.045 inch iner bow, 0.072 inch outer bow). After that, retraction force of 250g, 300b, 350g were applied to maxillary first molar. We concluded as follow. 1. The Net force that both maxillary first molars were received increased as the retraction force increased. Mesially positioned tooth received more force than normally positioned tooth. But, both tooth were received distal force, so distal movement occured. 2. Both tooth received buccal lateral force. In analysis of force element, as the retraction force were increased, force of X-axis at mesially positioned tooth decreased, and force of X-axis at normally positioned tooth increased. so lateral force component moved to the side received less force from more force. 3. There were rotation, tipping with distal movement in maxillary first molar. As retraction force were increased, rotation and tipping also increased. More tipping and rotation occured at the side received more force, that is, mesially positioned tooth. Though it Is small change, displacement of same pattern occur in normally positioned tooth

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.226-232
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• 2000

Purpose :This study was performed to find out the prognostic factors affecting local control in early glottic cancer treated with radiation therapy alone. Materials and Methods :We analysed 37 patients of histologically confirmed early glottic cancer treated at Chonnam National University Hospital between July Im and December 1995, retrospectively. Age of patients ranged from 30 to 73 years (median; 59 years). Thirty-five (95$\%$) patients were male. Histological type was all squamous cell carcinoma. According to the staging system of 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer, 37 patients were restaged as follows: Tla; U (73$\%$), Tlb; 3 (8$\%$), 72: 7 (19$\%$). Radiation therapy was done using 6 MV X-ray of linear accelerator The range of total radiation dose delivered to the glottic lesion was between 5,040 cGy and 7,020 cGy (median; 6,600 cGy). Median follow-up period was U months. local control rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. Generalized Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the difference of control rates between comparable groups. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard model was done to find out prognostic factors affecting local control. Results:5 year survival rate of 37 patients was 89$\%$. Local control rate of 37 patients was 74$\%$ in 5 years. We included age, 7-stage, anterior commissure involvement, fraction size, total radiation dose, treatment time of radiotherapy as potential prognostic factors in univariate and multivariate analysis. As a result, treatment time had statistical significance in local control rate in both univariate (p=0.026) and multivariate (p=0.017) analysis. Complication was not recorded except one patient with hypothyroidism. Conclusion :This study revealed that overall treatment time of radiation was a significant factor affecting local control rate.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.377-393
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• 1996

Lumbago is the common disease in the human, many people have been sicked the Lumbago. As the traditional methods of Lumbago treatment, acupuncture, moxibustion, herb medicines have been applied to a patient, nowadays, new methods have been applied physical remedy, Yakchim (Korean herb acupuncture) remedy, Chuna remedy to. This report was collected 73 Lumbago patients by name, sex, age, motive, symptoms, X-ray, CT, MRI, lRCT, Sasang constitution type, Sasang herb medicine, Yakchim, Chuna, period of remedy, satisfaction of remedy, at the "WooRee Korean Medical Clinic" during 21 months from Sep. 14, 1994 to May 25, 1996. And this report was studied about the distribution of the Sasang constitution type, the Sasang herb medicine, the effect, the period. The results were as follows: 1. Lumbago patients were distributed like that; Taeum-ln (太陰人) 47 (66.3 %), Soyang-In 16 (21.9 %), Soum-In (13.7 %), Taeyang-In (太陽人) 0. This was different from distribution of Donguisuseibowon (東醫壽世保元), Taeum-In (太陰人) 50%, Soyang-In (少陽人) 30 %, Soum-In (少陰人) 20 %, Taeyang-In (太陽人) little, this report shows that the number of Taeum-In (太陰人) is more than that of Donguisuseibowon and the number of Soum-In is less than that of Donguisuseibowon. 2. The average satisfaction of remedy was 60.3 %, Taeum-In's satisfaction was 66.0 %, Soum-In's satisfaction was 56.3 %, Soyang-In's satisfaction was 60.0 %. 3. The effective herb medicines were as follows, Soyang-In used the Hyong Bang Ji Hwang Tang (荊防地黃湯), Yuk Mi Ji Hwang Tang (六味地黃樓), Soum-In used the Sib Yi Mi Goan Jung Tang (十二味寬中湯), Taeum-In used the Chung Sim Yon Ja Tang (淸心蓮子陽), Chung Pae Sa Gan Tang (淸師爾肝湯), Yeol Da Han So Tang (熱多寒少湯). 4. The period of remedy was about 6 weeks. The period of remedy of each types was as follows, Taeum-In was about 5.7 weeks, Soum-In was about 6.8 weeks, Soyang-In was about 4.2 weeks. 5. The method of Lumbago remedy is divided three types, sprain Lumbago, Pyobyong (表病 : outside Syndromes) Libyong (裡病 : inside symdromes). Soum-In's methods are Pyobyong's ascending the Yang (陽), adding the Gi (氣) [升陽益氣], and Libyong's descending the inside Yim (裡陰) [裡陰降氣], Soyang-In's methods are Pyobyongs's decending the outside-Yim [表陰降氣], and Libyong's ascending the cool Yang (濟陽) [淸陽上升]. Taeum-In's methods are Pyobyong's ascending the Lung's Yang (肺陽升氣), and Libyong's colding the dried hot liver (淸肝燥熱). Taeyang's methods are strong the liver and making Yim. (補r肝生陰) 6. There are two methods for using the YakChim (Korean herb-acupuncture) by Sasang constitution medicine, one is to select the Yakchim, the other is to choice the point for appling the Yakchim. The first, to select the Yakchim, the other is follows; Soum-In can select the bee Venom, Soyang-In can select the H.O. (Hong Whoa 紅花), Taeum-In can select the I (Hodo 胡挑), V, O.K. (Ungdarn, 薦膽), Uwhang 牛黃, Sa-Hyang 麝香, etc., Palgang Yakchim (eight principles Korean herb-acupuncture (八剛藥鐵)) could made by abstracted Sasang herb medicine. The second, to choice the points for applying the Yakchim are used in the TaeGiuk Acupuncture method (太梗針法), Sacho (四焦, four warmer) by Sasang constritutional physiology and pathology.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 1998

The specimens used were Ag-25 Pd-15 Cu ternary alloy and Au addition alloy. These alloys were melted and casted by induction electric furnace and centrifugal casting machine in Ar atmosphere. These specimens were solution treated for 2hr at $800^{\circ}C$ and were then quenched into iced water, and aged at $350{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ Age- hardening characteristics of the small Au-containing Ag-Pd-Cu dental alloys were investigated by means of hardness testing. X-ray diffraction and electron microscope observations, electrical resistance, ergy dispersed spectra and electron probe microanalysis. Principal results are as follows : Hardening occured in two stages, i.e., stage I in low temperature and stage II in high temperature regions, during continuous aging. The case of hardening in stage I was due to the formation of the $L1_0$ type face-centered tetragonal PdCu-ordered phase in the grain interior and hardening in stage I was affected by the Cu concentration. In stage II, decomposition of the ${\alpha}$ solid solution to a PdCu ordered phase($L1_0$ type) and an Ag-rich ${\alpha}2$ phase occurred and a discontinuous precipitation occurred at the grain boundary. From the electron microscope study, it was conclued that the cause of age-hardening in this alloy is the precipitation of the PdCu ordered phase, which has AuCu I type face-centered tetragonal structure. Precipetation procedure was ${\alpha}{\to}{\alpha}+{\alpha}_2+PdCu {\to}{\alpha}_1+{\alpha}_2+PdCu$ at Pd/Cu = 1.7 Ag-Pd-Cu alloy is more effective dental alloy as ageing treatment and is suitable to isothermal ageing at $450^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 1997

The Ag-Pd-Cu alloys containing a small amount of Au is commonly used for dental purposes, because this alloy is cheaper than Au-base alloys for clinical use. However, the most important characteristic of this alloy is age-hardenability, which is not exhibited by other Ag-base dental alloys. The specimens used were Ag-20Pd-20Cu ternary alloy and Au addition alloy. These alloys were melted and casted by induction electic furace and centrifugal casting machine in Ar atmoshpere. These specimens were solution treated for 2hr at $800^{\circ}C$ and were then quenched into iced water, and aged at $350{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ Age-hardening characteristics of the small Au-containing Ag-pPd-Cu dental alloys were investigated by means of hardness testing, X-ray diffraction and electron microscope observations, electrical resistance, differential scanning calorimetric, emergy dispersed spectra and electron probe microanalysis. Principal results are as follows : Hardening occured in two stages, I. e., stage I in low temperature and stage II in high temperature regions, during continuous aging. The case of hardening in stage I was due to the formation of the Llo type face centered tetragonal PdCu-ordered phase in the grain interior and hardening in stage I was affedted by the Cu concentration. In stage II, decomposition of the $\alpha$ solid solution to a PdCu ordered phase(L1o type) and an Agrich ${\alpha}2$ phase occurred and a discontiunous precipitation occurred at the grain boundary. Form the electron microscope study, it was concluded that the cause of age-hardening in this alloy is the precipitation of the PdCu ordered phase, which has AuCu I type face-centered tetragonal structure. Precipitation procedure was ${\alpha}\to{\alpha}+{\alpha}2+PdCu\to{\alpha}1+{\alpha}2+PdCu$ at Pd/Cu = 1 Ag-Pd-Cu alloy is more effective dental alloy as ageing treatment and is suitable to isothermal ageing at $450^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.232-247
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• 2005

Purpose. The purposes of this investigation were to discover the possibility of clinical application in the areas of dental implants and bone grafts by investigating the bone formation histologically around specimen which was depending on the intensity of magnetic field of neodymium magnet inside of the specimens. Material and method. 1. Measurement of magnetic intensity - placed the magnet inside of the specimen, and measured the intensity of magnetic field around the 1st thread and 3rd thread of specimen 20 times by using a Gaussmeter(Kanetec Co., Japan). 2. Surgical Procedure - Male rabbit was anesthetised by constant amount of Ketamine (0.25ml/kg) and Rompun (0.25ml/kg). After incising the flat part of tibia, and planted the specimens of titanium implant, control group was stitched without magnet, while experimental groups were placed a magnedisc 500(Aichi Steel Co., Japan) or magnedisc 800(Aichi Steel Co., Japan) into it, fixed by pattern resin and stitched. 3. Management after the surgery - In order to prevent it from the infection of bacteria and for antiinflammation, Gentamycin and Ketopro were injected during 1 week from operation day, and dressed with potadine. 4. Preparation of histomorphometric analysis - At 2, 4 and 8 weeks after the surgery, the animals were sacrificed by excessed Ketamine, and then, specimens were obtained including the operated part and some parts of tibia, and fixed it to 10% of PBS buffer solution. After embedding specimens in Technovit 1200 and B.P solution, made a H-E stain. Samples width was 75$\mu$m . In histological findings through the optical microscope and using Kappa image base program(Olympus Co. Japan), the bone contact ratio and bone area ratio of each parts of specimens were measured and analyzed. 5. Statistical analysis - Statistical analysis was accomplished with Mann Whitney U-test. Results and conclusion. 1. In histomorphometric findings, increased new bone formation was shown in both control & experimental groups through the experiment performed for 2, 4 & 8 weeks. After 4 weeks, more osteoblasts and osteoclasts with significant bone remodeling were shown in experimental groups. 2. In histomorphometric analysis, the bone contact ratios were 38.5% for experimental group 1, 29.5% for experimental group 2 and 11.9% for control group. Experimental groups were higher than control group(p<0.05) (Fig. 6, Table IV). The bone area ratios were 60.9% for experimental group 2, 46.4% for experimental group 1 and 36.0% for control group. There was no significantly statistical difference between experimental groups and control group(p<0.05) (Fig. 8, Table VII) 3. In comparision of the bone contact ratios at each measurement sites according to magnetic intensity, experimental group 2(5.6mT) was higher than control group at the 1st thread (p<0.05) and experimental group 1 (1.8mT) was higher than control group at the 3rd thread(p<0.05) (Fig. 7, Table V, VI). 4. In comparision of the bone area ratios at each measurement sites according to magnetic intensity, experimental group 2(5.6mT) was higher than control group and experimental group 1 (4.0mT) at the 1st thread(p<0.1) and experimental group 2(4.4mT) was higher than experimental group 1 (1.8mT) at the 3rd thread(p<0.1) (Fig. 9, Table IX, X). Experiment group 2 was largest, followed by experiment group l and control group at the 3rd thread of implant. There was a significant difference at the 1st thread of control group & experiment group 2, and at 1st thread & 3rd thread of experiment group 1 & 2, and not at control group experiment group 1.(p<0.1)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1229-1235
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• 2007

Three trials were conducted to study the effect of processing method on performance, apparent nutrient and amino acid digestibilities in growing-finishing pigs fed lupine seeds. Ground, expanded or flaked lupine seed was prepared for the trials. In trial 1, a total of 72 growing barrows ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Large$, initial BW of $54.22{\pm}5.87$ kg) were allocated to three treatment diets containing 15% percent of differently processed lupine seed for 28 days. Each treatment had four replicates comprising 6 pigs each. In trial 2, a total of 48 finishing barrows ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Large$, initial BW of $84.40{\pm}6.84$ kg) were subjected to three treatments for 21 days. The experimental design was the same as trial 1 except for supplementation with 20% of lupine seed. Each treatment had four replicates comprising 4 pigs each. To evaluate the ileal digestibility of amino acids, a total of 9 barrows ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Large$), with an average initial BW of $41.07{\pm}1.98$ kg, were fed with ground, expanded or flaked lupine for 7 days. Each pig was surgically equipped with a simple T-cannula fitted in the distal ileum. Amino acid composition and presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in processed lupine sources were also evaluated. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in lupine amino acid composition due to the different processing methods. Expanded and flaked lupine significantly decreased (p<0.05) the concentration of ANFs compared with ground lupine. There was no effect (p>0.05) on the growth performance in growing pigs. However, processing method had a significant effect (p<0.05) on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in finishing pigs. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the different processing methods on the digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), ether extract (EE), Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), but expanded lupine could significantly increase (p<0.05) the apparent digestibility of CP in finishing pigs. Furthermore, expanded lupine had a higher (p<0.05) apparent ileal digestibility for most indispensable and dispensable amino acids compared with ground and flaked lupine. It was concluded that expanded lupine could be beneficial in improving lupine's quality and improve performance and nutrient utilization in growing-finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.783-787
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• 1999

To study the effects of different extrusion conditions of barley on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nutrient excretion in feces, a total of 150 growing pigs ($Landrace{\times}Duroc{\times}Large$ White; average 24.4 kg body weight) were allotted to five treatments, in a completely randomized block design. The experimental diets were based on corn-soybean and 30% of barley was included in each diet; barley was the only extruded ingredient. The treatments were 1) no extrusion (Control); 2) extrusion at $100^{\circ}C$ without preconditioning (ENLT); 3) extrusion at $150^{\circ}C$ without preconditioning (ENHT); 4) extrusion at $100^{\circ}C$ with preconditioning (ECLT); 5) extrusion at $150^{\circ}C$ with preconditioning (ECHT). Temperature in the barrel was controlled within ${\pm}5^{\circ}C$ by feed rate with the addition of water at the rate of $3{\ell}\;per\;min$. in the extruder for each treatment. For the 6 week experimental period, extrusion of barley improved the average daily gain (ADG) and digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy in growing pigs. As compared to control, significant improvements in ADG (p<0.05) were shown in the groups of feeding extruded barley at high temperature (ENHT and ECHT). There were also significant differences in the digestibilities of DM, CP and P between extrusion temperatures. Barley extruded at high temperature gave better digestibilities of DM, CP and GE than barley extruded at low temperature. Extruded barley diet groups showed significantly (p<0.05) lower excretions of DM, nitrogen (N) and P per kg gain as compared to the ground barley group. DM, N and P excretion per kg gain were also significantly lower in pigs fed barley extruded at $150^{\circ}C$ than at $100^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, extrusion considerably improved the nutritive value of barley and it appeared that temperature is the most important variable.