• Clean Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.94-104
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• 2024

Remanufacturing re-commercializes a used product to achieve an equal or higher performance level than the original product by disassembling, cleaning, inspecting, repairing, reconditioning, and reassembling the used product. The remanufacturing industry is a key industry necessary to realize carbon neutrality by 2050. This study uses life cycle assessment to analyze the resource reduction and greenhouse gas reduction effects with and without considering the avoided effect for an injector, which is an automobile part that is actively being remanufactured. The results of this study showed that the resource reduction effect and greenhouse gas reduction effect induced by injector remanufacturing were reduced by 95.30% and 93.88%, respectively, based on one unit without considering the avoided effect. However, when considering the avoided effect, which in this case is the environmental impact of not disposing of the used injector and not having to use natural resources to manufacture a new injector because the used injector was reused during remanufacturing, the resource reduction effect and greenhouse gas reduction effect were 190.91% and 188.33%, respectively. The results of this study are expected to be used in the future to evaluate the amount of environmental impact reduction while considering the avoided effect during remanufacturing and to help develop research methodology for remanufacturing.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1990.07a
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• pp.96-99
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• 1990

Recently, electric energy consumption pattern shows very high peak load with low load factor. This Load pattern have made electric utilities be interested in Load Management, many studies are reported. But most of these studies are concerned with Rate - Load shape relation, a few of these are concerned with generating cost reduction. In this study, the effect of Load Management is incorporated to establish optimal Generation Expansion Planning. Using avoided cost, optimal generation expansion planning is achieved to make maximum avoided cost of Electric utility. Dynamic programming technique is used to solve this algorithm.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2002

This paper proposed the calculation method of the generation operating avoided cost to cost-effectiveness evaluation of energy conservation programs that compounded the Proxy Plant Method and Load Decrement Method. This method introduced an operating index of the Energy Efficiency Demand-Side Management (EEDSM) resources based on the end-user's behaviors on the electricity power usage. The operation index is applied to calculate the hourly operating capacity of diffused high-efficiency appliances. And the operating capacity on the peak load hours for reference load is computed through the reduction of the peak load that contributes to that hour. Also, the proposed method evaluated the effect of EEDSM resources. The IEEE-RTS is adopted as a sample system to analyze impacts of an EEDSM. This paper, we have analyzed the effect of EEDSM upon the changes in the generation of generator, generation cost and the system marginal price (SMP). This method can be used to evaluate the impact of the diffused DSM resource and to estimate the impact in short-term EEDSM program. Further, result of the calculation can be utilized to pabulum for effect analysis of EEDSM resources.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.173-184
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• 1989

The effect of propionylpromazine, acepromazine maleate, ketamine HCI, xylazine HCI, and pentobarbital sodium as chemical restraint drugs on the transit time of barium sulfate through the stomach and duodenum in 24 healthy cats was investigated. In the present study, propionylpromazine, acepromazine maleate, and ketamine HCI did not reveal significant effect on the gastroduodenal transit time, but xylazine HCI and pentobarbital sodium pro-longed the gastroduodenal transit time markedly compared with control group. Therefore it is concluded that propionylpromazine, acepromazine maleate, and ketamine HCI could be selected for upper gastrointestinal radiographs. but xylazine HCI and pentobarbital sodium should be avoided.

• Journal of Wind Energy
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 2013

The wind resource assessment for measured wind data over 1 year by using the meteorological mast should be a prerequisite for business feasibility of the wind farm development. Even though the direction of boom mounting the wind vane and anemometer is carefully engineered to escape the interference of wakes generated from the met-mast structures, the shadow effect is not completely avoided due to seasonal winds in the Korean Peninsula. The shadow effect should be properly calibrated because it is able to distort the wind resources. In this study a calibration method is introduced for the measured wind data at Julpo in Jeonbuk Province. Each sectoral terrain conditions along the selected wind direction nearby the met-mast is investigated, and the distorted wind data due to shadow effects can be calibrated effectively. The correction factor is adopted for quantitative calibration by carrying out the WindSim analysis.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.829-834
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• 2014

In this paper, a lateral power metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor with ultra-low specific on-resistance is proposed to be applied to a high-voltage (up to 200 V) integrated chip. The proposed structure has two characteristics. Firstly, a high level of drift doping concentration can be kept because a tilt-implanted p-drift layer assists in the full depletion of the n-drift region. Secondly, charge imbalance is avoided by an extended trench gate, which suppresses the trench corner effect occurring in the n-drift region and helps achieve a high breakdown voltage (BV). Compared to a conventional trench gate, the simulation result shows a 37.5% decrease in $R_{on.sp}$ and a 16% improvement in BV.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.681-688
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• 2003

Rock damage induced by blasting can not be avoided during tunnel construction and may affect tunnel stability. But the mutual interaction between tunnel blasting design and tunnel stability design is generally not considered. Therefore this study propose a methodology to take into considration the results of the blasting damage in tunnel stability design. Rock damage is evaluated by dynamic numerical analysis for the most common blasting pattern adopted in road tunnel. Damage zone is determined by using the continuum damage model which is expressed as a function of volumetric strain. And the damage effect is taken into account by the damaged rock stiffness and the damaged failure criteria in tunnel stability assessment. The extend of plastic zone and deformation increase compared to the case of not considering blast-induced rock damage.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.351-367
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• 2017

In this article, the multiphysics response of magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) cantilever beam subjected to thermo-mechanical loading is analysed. The equilibrium equations of the system are obtained with the aid of the principle of total potential energy. The constitutive equations of a MEE material accounting the thermal fields are used for analysis. The corresponding finite element (FE) formulation is derived and model of the beam is generated using an eight noded 3D brick element. The 3D FE formulation developed enables the representation of governing equations in all three axes, achieving accurate results. Also, geometric, constitutive and loading assumptions required to dimensionality reduction can be avoided. Numerical evaluation is performed on the basis of the derived formulation and the influence of various mechanical loading profiles and volume fractions on the direct quantities and stresses is evaluated. In addition, an attempt has been made to compare the individual effect of thermal and mechanical loading with the combined effect. It is believed that the numerical results obtained helps in accurate design and development of sensors and actuators.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2014

PURPOSE. The color of the ceramic restorations is affected by various factors such as brand, thickness of the layered the ceramic, condensation techniques, smoothness of surface, number of firings, firing temperature and thickness of dentin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the color change and surface roughness in dental porcelain with different thicknesses during repeated firings. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Disc-shaped (N=21) metal-ceramic samples (IPS Classic; Ivoclar Vivadent; Shaar, Liechtenstein) with different thickness were exposed to repeated firings. Color measurement of the samples was made using a colorimeter and profilometer was used to determine surface roughness. ANOVA and Tukey tests with repeated measurements were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS. The total thickness of the ceramics which is less than 2 mm significantly have detrimental effect on the surface properties and color of porcelains during firings (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Repeated firings have effects on the color change and surface roughness of the dental ceramics and should be avoided.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.57-60
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• 2002

This paper deals with the effect of ramp-type erase pulse waveform on the high temperature driving characteristics of ac PDP driven by ramp up-down reset waveform. The experimental results show that the discharge characteristics in the reset period are significantly affected by the erase pulse waveform and ambient temperature. The firing voltage is increased with ambient temperature. This can cause misfirings during the sustain period and should be avoided. As one of possible solutions, we propose the optimization of erasing pulse shape.