• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.2B
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• pp.87-96
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• 2012

In this paper, we consider a 2-hop relay system where both the relay and destination nodes suffer from the arbitrary number of co-channel interferers. More specifically, assuming that the relay and access channels as well as interference channels are all subject to Rayleigh fading, we derive an exact closed-form expression for outage probability of the amplify-and-forward (AF) relay system, and furthermore compute its upper and lower bounds. Based on these bounds, we derive the upper and lower bounds on the average bit error rate (BER) of the AF relay system. We also confirm the accuracy of our derivation by investigating the performance gap between the performance bounds under consideration and simulation results.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.10
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• pp.2493-2508
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• 2012

The performance of a MIMO system with adaptive modulation (AM) and space-time coding over Ricean fading channels for perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) is presented. The fading gain value is partitioned into a number of regions by which the modulation is adapted according to the region the fading gain falls in. Under a target bit error rate (BER) constraint, the switching thresholds for AM are given. Based on these results, we derive the calculation formulae of the theoretical spectrum efficiency (SE) and average BER. As a result, closed-form SE expression and accurate BER expression are respectively obtained. Besides, using the approximation of complementary error function, a tightly closed-form approximation of average BER is also derived to simplify the calculation of accurate theoretical BER. Computer simulation shows that the theoretical SE and BER are in good agreement with the corresponding simulation, and the approximate BER is also close to the accurate one. The results show that the AM scheme in Ricean fading channel provides better SE than that in Rayleigh fading channel due to the direct-path propagation, and has performance degradation in SE and BER for imperfect CSI.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.12C no.4 s.100
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• pp.511-518
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• 2005

The conventional OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation can be combined with WHT (Walsh-Hadamard Transform) to reduce PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) and improve BER (Bit Error Rate) performance. However, this WHT-based OFDM system still suffers a relatively high PAPR. Therefore, we suggest a new technique, called DGT (Data Grouping Technique) and design an OFDM system employing it and WHT to further decrease PAPR without the BER performance degradation. h salient property of DGT is the independence of the side information which is inherently a principal drawback of the well-known PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM system as well as WHT-based OFDM. The simulation programs have been also performed to verify the validity of the proposed system.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.9-17
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• 2012

One of the problems on the application of the speech recognition system in the real world is the degradation of the performance by acoustical distortions. The most important source of acoustical distortion is the additive noise. This paper describes a spectral compensation technique based on a spectral peak enhancement scheme followed by an efficient noise subtraction scheme for noise robust speech recognition. The proposed methods emphasize the formant structure and compensate the spectral tilt of the speech spectrum while maintaining broad-bandwidth spectral components. The recognition experiments was conducted using noisy speech corrupted by white Gaussian noise, car noise, babble noise or subway noise. The new technique reduced the average error rate slightly under high SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) environment, and significantly reduced the average error rate by 1/2 under low SNR(10 dB) environment when compared with the case of without spectral compensations.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2019

Purpose - Recently, the trade war between China and US has been escalating, which has also attracted worldwide attention. Based on this background, this paper sets China and US as an example to explore the determinants of bilateral trade between China and US. Research design, date, and methodology - A quarterly data from the 2000-Q1 to the 2017-Q4 will be used to perform an empirical analysis under some econometric approaches such as the fully modified least squares and the vector error correction estimates. Result - The results illustrate that the two economic entities of China and US have the greatest positive effect on bilateral trade between China and US. The real exchange rate has a positive effect on bilateral trade between China and US. The nominal exchange rate has a negative effect on bilateral trade between China and US in the short run. US's average price has a positive effect on bilateral trade between China and US in the short run. China's average price has a negative effect on bilateral trade between China and US in the short run. Meanwhile, the bilateral trade between China and US also suffers from the economic crisis happened in 2008. Even through the bilateral trade between China and US in the short run is deviate from the long-run equilibrium, there exist an error correction mechanism back to the long-run equilibrium. Conclusion - This paper provides some empirical evidences for both governments. Based on the results of this paper, both governments should take corresponding measures to promote the development of bilateral trade between China and US.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.169-174
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• 2007

This paper presents a method of superimposing the rotation phases over the pilot and data symbols in order to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM). The phases of the rotation vector are added to those of the pilot symbols and those of the data symbols by interlaying them between any two pilot symbols. The receiver restores the data symbols by utilizing the channel estimation of the pilot symbols. Therefore, the bandwidth efficiency is improved by not using the subcarriers that are assigned for the reduction of the PAPR. Also, the enormous increase of the bit error rate which would be caused by incorrectly receiving the side information, i.e. the phases of the rotation vector, is prevented. The simulation results of the bit error rate performance for the BPSK are given using the COST-207 channel model.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-50
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• 2016

In this paper, we present a comparative study of spatial domain features for writer identification and verification with different ink width conditions. The existing methods give high error rates, when comparing two handwritten images with different pen types. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to design the feature with different ink width conditions. To address this problem, contour based features were extracted using a chain code method. To improve accuracy at higher levels, we considered histograms of chain code and variance in bins of histogram of chain code as features to discriminate handwriting samples. The system was trained and tested for 1,000 writers with two samples using different writing instruments. The feature performance is tested on our newly created dataset of 4,000 samples. The experimental results show that the histogram of chain code feature is good compared to other methods with false acceptance rate of 11.67%, false rejection rate of 36.70%, average error rates of 24.18%, and average verification accuracy of 75.89% on our new dataset. We also studied the effect of amount of text and dataset size on verification accuracy.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.10C
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• pp.1010-1018
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose a companding scheme to effectively reduce PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) of the OFDM (Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing) signals. The proposed scheme is basically based on the companding scheme to consider both complexity and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance, and composed of the clipping followed by the companding scheme. In the first step of the proposed scheme, some of peak signals which do not influence the BER even without them, are clipped. In the second step, the proposed scheme utilizes the ${\mu}-law$ companding to effectively reduce the PAPR. Simulation results show that the proposed clipped companding scheme can provide more PAPR reduction without degradation of the BER performance, as compare to the conventional ${\mu}-law$ companding.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.78-83
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a computationally efficient early stopping method to reduce the average number of iterations. The conventional early stopping methods have too much computational complexity to compute the stopping criterion. Thus, only the hard decision based early stopping method is suitable to realize the hardware of LDPC decoder. However, this method also can increase the computational complexity of LDPC decoder. The proposed method can effectively reduce the computational complexity of stopping criterion as we do not compute hard decision, and we combine the stopping criterion with horizontal shuffling scheduling decoding scheme. The simulation results show that a new early stopping method achieves acceptable bit error rate performance also reduces the average number of iterations.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.209-220
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• 2021

The filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (F-OFDM) system has been recommended as a waveform candidate for fifth-generation (5G) communications. The suppression of out-of-band emission (OOBE) and asynchronous transmission are the distinctive features of the filtering-based waveform frameworks. Meanwhile, the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is still a challenge for the new waveform candidates. Partial transmit sequence (PTS) is an effective technique for mitigating the trend of high PAPR in multicarrier systems. In this study, the PTS technique is employed to reduce the high PAPR value of an F-OFDM system. Then, this system is compared with the OFDM system. In addition, the other related parameters such as frequency localization, bit error rate (BER), and computational complexity are evaluated and analyzed for both systems with and without PTS. The simulation results indicate that the F-OFDM based on PTS achieves higher levels of PAPR, BER, and OOBE performances compared with OFDM. Moreover, the BER performance of F-OFDM is uninfluenced by the use of the PTS technique.