• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1999

The vocal fold has three major function-phonation, respiration and protection, and is richly innervated. The vocal 1314 its autonomic innervation-adrenergic and cholinergic from superior cervical ganglion and the vagus nerve, respectively. The action of both system account for vasoregulation and glandular activity. In e vocal fold several kin of neuropeptides, including SP, CGRP, VIP, TH, NPY, ENK have been reported at the animal including cat or dog. But information regarding the distribution of autonomic nerve fibers containing neuropeptides in the human vocal fold is lacking. Two neuropeptides are of special interest : 1) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)that is known to be contained in the parasympathetic(cholinergic) neuron. 2) tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)is located in the cytoplasm of noradrenergic neuron and is the rate-limiting enzyme in noradrenaline synthesis. To understand specific autonomic function of vocal fold we did immunohistochemical examination of VIP and TH in the human vocal fold.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.70-73
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• 2002

Acute autonomic neuropathy is a rare disease. Since the first case was reported by Young et.al., in 1969, a number of similar cases have been described, with some variation of the accompanied neurologic deficits. Acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy(AASN) is characterized by the acute onset of autonomic dysfunction and sensory disturbances. A 16-year-old girl experienced high fever($40^{\circ}C$) and erythematous rash on whole trunk and face followed by pain and sensory loss over the whole body, dysphagia, ataxia, urinary retention, and postural hypotension. There was no evidence of limb weakness. The electrophysiologic studies of this patient revealed sensory polyneuropathy and the various autonomic function test showed autonomic dysfunction. The recovery of her autonomic and sensory symptoms is incomplete, three months after the onset of the symptoms. The etiology of the acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy is not known. Most previous authors have suggested the dysautonomia may be an acute immunological damage to peripheral fibers of the autonomic nervous system. We report a case of acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.463-468
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• 2023

The carotid sinus nerve (CSN) is well known as mediating baroreflexes. However, studies of its detailed histological analysis are scant in the literature. Therefore, the current anatomical study sought to better elucidate the microanatomy of the CSN. Ten fresh frozen adult cadavers underwent dissection of the CSN. Then, it was harvested and submitted for histological and immunohistochemical staining. Specimens were all shown to be nerve fibers on histology and immunohistochemistry. We identified tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers in all CSN specimens. These fibers were always found to be within the CSN and not on its surface i.e., epineurium. Based on our findings, the majority of fibers contained in the CSN are tyrosine positive in nature. Further studies are necessary to understand the true function of this autonomic nerve fibers.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2016

Objectives : This study aims to overview the therapeutic mechanism of back-shu points in terms of sympathetic visceral motor nervous system. Methods : Studies about autonomic nervous system, and studies and ancient texts about back-shu points were reviewed. We interpreted possible mechanism of back-shu points considering similarities of anatomical and physiological characteristics of back-shu points and visceral motor nervous system. Results : Afferent signals for organ lesions that can develop the symptoms of autonomic neurological symptoms, pain, hyperalgesia through the skin segment. Through a physical examination of the myotome and dermatome, it is possible to diagnose segmental disorders. Treatment stimulation of the thick fibers of the disorder segment skin can reduce abnormal autonomic influence over the sympathetic reflex mechanism. In addition, if spinal muscles are relaxed, the pressure on the nerve roots could be reduced and consequently the hyperactivity of the sympathetic visceral motor signal would be suppressed. Conclusions : The back-shu points treatments work through the mechanism of the sympathetic nervous reflex. Moreover, segmental acupuncture can reduce tension of the spinal muscles, thereby improving pathological conditions of the sympathetic nervous system.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2018

We developed multimedia esophageal catheters for use with birds to measure and record ECG and angular velocity while anesthesized, at rest, and in flight. These catheters enable estimates of blood pressure based on readings given by an angular velocity sensor and by RR intervals of ECG affected by EMG. In our experiments, the catheters had the following characteristics: 1. Esophageal catheters offer a topological advantage with 8-dB SNR improvement due to elimination of electromyography (EMG). 2. We observed a very strong correlation between blood pressure and the angular velocity of esophageal catheter axial rotation. 3. The impulse conduction pathway (Purkinje fibers) of the cardiac ventricle has a direction opposite to that of the mammalian pathway. 4. Sympathetic nerves predominate in flight, and RR interval variations are strongly suppressed. The electrophysiological data obtained by this study provided especially the state of the avian autonomic nervous system activity, so we can suspect individual's health condition. If the change of the RR interval was small, we can perform an isolation or screening from the group that prevent the pandemics of avian influenza. This catheter shall be useful to analysis an avian autonomic system, to perform a screening, and to make a positive policy against the massive infected avian influenza.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2022

Small fiber neuropathy is a painful neuropathy that cannot be assessed using nerve conduction studies. A skin biopsy and quantitative sensory testing (QST) are the gold standards for small fiber neuropathy diagnosis. However, a skin biopsy is invasive and commercially unavailable in Korea. QST is a method involving a thermal threshold, but its results can be affected by cognition as well as lesions of the central nervous system. Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) is a quantitative method of assessing sweat glands innervated by small fibers. In this review, we assessed the utility of QSART in evaluating small fiber neuropathy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.317-326
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• 1999

연구목적: 호흡기에 대한 자율신경 기능도 기도 및 혈관의 평활근, 접막하선의 점액분비. 기관지 순환 혈류조절, 비만 세포의 염증 반응에 관계되는 매개물의 분비등 매우 다양하게 나타나며 이들 자율신경 장애는 기도 폐쇄의 원인으로 작용한다. 천식은 자율신경계 이상이 원인으로 작용하고 특히 부교감신경 기능 항진이 중요한 원인으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 심혈관계와 호흡기 자율신경 지배가 공통적으로 일어난다는 사실을 기초로 비관혈적이고 안정한 심혈관 지율신경 검사를 실시하여 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 환자에서 자율신경 장애유무를 알아보았다. 방 법: 대상은 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원에서 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환으로 진단 받은 환자 20명과 건강진단 센터에서 건강한 것으로 판정 받은 비슷한 나이의 20명을 대조군으로 하였다. 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환은 American Thoracic Society의 정의를 따랐으며 허혈성 심장질환, 부정맥, 당뇨병, 중심성 및 말초성 신경질환 등과 같은 자율신경계에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 질환이 동반된 경우는 제외하였다. 자율신경검사는 Ewing과 Clarke의 방법을 사용하였으며 모든 대상에서 동맥혈 가스분석과 폐기능 검사를 동시에 실시하였다. 결 과: 만성 폐쇄생 폐질환 환자는 건강한 사랑에 비하여 빈번하게 자율신경 장애가 동반되어 있었으며 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환 환자에서 교감신경 장애보다 부교감신경 장애가 더 뚜렷하였다. 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환은 질병 이환 기간이 길거나, 흡연량이 많거나, 폐기능 검사상 $FEV_1$ 및 FVC 감소 정도가 심할수록 그리고 저산소혈증이 심한 경우에 자율신경 장애가 심하였으나 연령, 만성폐쇄성 폐질환의 종류 및 동맥혈 이산화탄소 분압과는 차이가 없었다. 결 론: 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환은 부교감신경 장애가 동반되어 있으며, 부교간신경 장애는 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환의 정도가 심할수록 더 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 이러한 부교감신경 장애는 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환의 원인으로 작용하기보다는 질병의 진행으로 인한 자율신경계의 기능 저하로 생각된다.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.43-46
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• 2001

Acute pandysautonomic neuropathy(APN) is an uncommon clinical entitiy involving vasomotor, sudomotor, pupilomotor, secretomotor and other autonomic systems. Both sympathetic or parasympathetic fibers are involved with relative preservation of somatic sensory and motor function. Although APN shares several clinical features with GBS, it is not clear whether APN is a subvariety of GBS. We report two young patients with APN. Patient 1 was a 18-year-old girl with recurrent fainting spells. Patient 2 was a 23-year-old man sufferring from unexplained nausea and vomiting. Both had a history of previous upper respiratory infection. They presented with gastroparesis, anhydrosis and orthostatic hypotension. Mild numbness and tingling sense was present, but motor power was intact. Neurologic examination showed bilateral tonic pupil, decreased pain and vibration sense, and absent tendon reflexes. Nerve conduction study indicated diffuse sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Nerve biopsy in patient 2 revealed axonal degeneration. After conservative management, gastrointestinal symptoms were improved in patient 2, however, patient 1 suffered from the symptoms lasting more than several months. These cases suggest that post-infectious dysautonomic symptoms in young patient may indicate the diagnosis of APN. Although the natural course is generally benign, accurate diagnosis and proper management may be mandatory for the better clinical outcome.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1974

It has been generally understood that the intestinal tracts are under the control of the autonomic nerves; the parasympathetics are excitatory and the sympathetics inhibitory. However, it is recently reported that the actions of these autonomic nerves in the newborn animals are shown to be different from those in the adult animals in some species. In order to elucidate the role of sympathetic innervation to the intestinal tracts, the effects of periarterial nerve stimulation were studied in the periarterial sympathetics-jejunum preparations of the chick and the effects of some autonomic drugs on the isolated muscle strips were also studied. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The periarterial stimulation in the periarterial sympathetics-jejunum preparation elicited the responses of three patterns; 1) contrcation followed by relaxation 2) contraction only 3) relaxation only. The excitatory response was most effective in the stimulus frequencies of 40 cps, whereas the inhibitory response was maximal in the stimulus frequencies of 30 cycle per second. 2. The excitatory response to the periarterial stimulation was not affected by the pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, dibenamine, propranolol and atropine, whereas the inhibitory response was completely blocked by the pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine and propranolol. 3. In the periarterial syrnpathetics-jejunum preparation treated with reserpine, the periarterial stimulation evoked only contraction, and the contraction was not affected by the pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, propranolol and atropine. 4. The administration of norepinephrine evoked a relaxation in the isolated jejunum muscle strips and the effect was completely blocked by the pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine. 5. The administration of isoproterenol produced a relaxation in the isolated jejunum muscle strips and the effect was not affected by pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, whereas the effect was completely blocked by the pretratment with propranolol. 6) The administration of acetylcholine produced a marked contraction in the isolated jejunum muscle strips and the effect was completely abolished by the pretreatment of atropine. These experimental evidences indicate that the inhibitory response to the periarterial stimulation is due to adrenergic fibers and the excitatory response is due to neither adrenergic nor cholinergic component.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

The fiber projection from the prefrontal cortex to the locus coeruleus (LC) in the periventricular region was analyzed in rat using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods. Following injection of an anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), into prelimbic and infralimbic regions of the medial prefrontal cortex, labeled axonal fibers with varicosities were observed bilaterally within the LC, with ipsilateral predominance. Terminal labeling was also observed in the region medial to the nucleus at rostral to middle levels of the LC, whereas axonal labeling in the caudal LC was minimal. Anterogradely-labeled axonal fibers were not found in the subcoerulear region. A retrograde tracer, gold-conjugated and inactivated wheatgerm-agglutinin horseradish-peroxidase (WGA-apo-HRP-gold), was injected into several rostro-caudal levels of the LC. Majority of retrogradely-labeled cells were observed in the prelimbic or infralimbic regions of the medial prefrontal cortex when the injections were made into rostral to middle levels of the LC. Only a few cells were observed in cingulate, dorsal peduncular, orbital, or insular cortices. The present findings suggest that the nucleus LC receives restricted, excitatory inputs from cognitive, emotional, and autonomic centers of the cerebral cortex and might secondarily have influences on widespread brain regions via its diversified monoaminergic innervation.