• 보존과학연구
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• s.26
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• pp.165-188
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• 2005

From the ancient to these days, there have been used many kinds of pigment which have two types that are inorganic pigment and organic pigment. At the ancient times, natural pigment had been used but the artificially mixed pigment has been used in modern times. By the way, searching for studies has been studied recently, it would be said the ancient pigments such as Danchung, Wall painting and Mural painting are the mainthema. However, studies about the pigments used in modern pictured relics have rarely can be found. Therefore, this analysis of Ilweolokdo would be important at the point of the pigments used in pictures of royal family in modern times and the results can be briefly summarized as below; Firstly, the results of qualitative analysis of the pigments that base or all pigments of picture was detected components of Ca, Fe and As, this results meaning that picture was used filler and basic paint. Secondly, a result of the analysis on the composition elements of the pigments shows that the main components in their composition are ;White - Lead Cyanamide($2PbCO_3$.$Pb(OH)_2$) or Titanium Oxide($TiO_2$)Blue - Ultramarine($2(Na_2O$.$Al_2O_3$ .$2Si_O2$).$Na_2S_2$)Green - Emerald green($C_2H_3A_s3Cu_2O_8$)Gold - Gold(Au), Red-Red Lead($Pb_3O_4$) or Cinnabar(HgS)Black - Carbon(C)Thirdly, X-ray diffraction analysis of crystalline structure for the blue and green pigment peeling off in picture shows that the components of blue pigment is Ultramarine($2(Na_2O$.$Al_2O_3$ .$2Si_O2$).$Na_2S_2$) and green pigment is Emerald green($C_2H_3A_s3Cu_2O_8$). Especially, microcrystalline structure of the green pigment was the shape like a cross section of wood. Consequently, we knew through the analysis of qualitative and microcrystallinestructures seen on the cross section of analyzed pigments layer that the all pigments used in the Ilweoloakdo is possible to use synthetic pigments in modern.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.803-808
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• 2016

In this work, one dimension $In_2O_3$ nanostructures as detecting materials for indoor toxic gases were synthesized by an electrospinning process. The morphology of electrospun $In_2O_3$ nanofibers was controlled by electrolyte composition, applied voltage and working distance between a nozzle and a substrate. The synthesized $In_2O_3$ nanofibers-based paste with/without carbon black additives was prepared for the integration on a sensor device. The integration of $In_2O_3$ sensing materials was conducted by a hand-printing of the paste into the interdigit Au electrodes patterned on Si wafer. Gas sensing properties on CO and HCHO gases were characterized at $300^{\circ}C$. The evaluated sensing properties such as sensitivity, response time and recovery time were improved in $In_2O_3$ nanofiber pastes with carbon black, compared to the paste without carbon black.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.444-449
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• 2004

The microwave dielectric properties of low temperature sintered BaO-Nd$_2$O$_3$-TiO$_2$ (here after BNT) with a Pb-based glass-ceramics were studied in order to investigate their applicability to Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) for fabrication of multilayered Radio Frequency (RF) passive components module. The BNT ceramics, with 5∼30 wt% of PbO-TiO$_2$-A1$_2$O$_3$-SiO$_2$ based glass-ceramics, were sintered at 105$0^{\circ}C$, which is lower than 130$0^{\circ}C$, sintering temperature of pure BNT ceramics. With increasing the amount of the glass-ceramics, sintering rate of the ceramics become activated due to the softening of glass, resulting in low-temperature densification. BaO-Nd$_2$O$_3$-TiO$_2$ microwave ceramics with 20 wt% glass-ceramics exhibit sintered relative densities over 95% and dielectric constant of 72, quality factor of 1500, and temperature coefficient of frequency of +22 ppm/$^{\circ}C$. This enhanced dielectric properties are attributed to mainly the presence of crystalline phases PbTiO$_3$ within the Pb-based glass.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.176.2-176.2
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• 2014

In this work, we demonstrated that the fabrication of flexible graphene-based chemical sensor with heaters by soft lithographic patterning method [1]. First, monolayer and multilayer graphene were prepared by thermal chemical vapor deposition transferred onto SiO2 / Si substrate in order to fabrication of patterned-sensor and -heater. Second, patterned-monolayer and multilayer graphene were detached through soft lithography process, which was transferred on top and bottom sides of PET film. Third, Au / Ti (Thickness : 100/30 nm) electrodes were deposited end of the patterned-graphene line by sputtering system. Finally, we measured sensor properties through injection of NO2 and CO2 gas on different temperature with voltage change of graphene heater.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.177-193
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• 2009

The Samgwang deposit consists of eight massive mesothermal quartz veins that filled NE and NW-striking fractures along fault zones in Precambrian granitic gneiss of the Gyeonggi massif. The mineralogy and paragenesis of the veins allow two separate discrete mineralization episodes(stage I=quartz and calcite stage, stage II-calcite stage) to be recognized, temporally separated by a major faulting event. The ore minerals are contained within quartz and calcite associated with fracturing and healing of veins that occurred during both mineralization episodes. The hydrothermal alteration of stage I is sericitization, chloritization, carbonitization, pyritization, silicification and argillization. Sericitic zone occurs near and at quartz vein and include mainly sericite, quartz, and minor illite, carbonates and chlorite. Chloritic zone occurs far from quartz vein and is composed of mainly chlorite, quartz and minor sericite, carbonates and epidote. Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios of sericite and chlorite range 0.45 to 0.50(0.48$\pm$0.02) and 0.74 to 0.81(0.77$\pm$0.03), and belong to muscovite-petzite series and brunsvigite, respectiveIy. Calculated $Al_{IV}$-FE/(FE+Mg) diagrams of sericite and chlorite suggest that this can be a reliable indicator of alteration temperature in Au-Ag deposits. Calculated activities of chlorite end member are $a3(Fe_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH)_6$=0.0275${\sim}$0.0413, $a2(Mg_5Al_2Si_3O_{10}(OH)_6$=1.18E-10${\sim}$7.79E-7, $a1(Mg_6Si_4O_{10}(OH)_6$=4.92E-10${\sim}$9.29E-7. It suggest that chlorite from the Samgwang deposit is iron-rich chlorite formed due to decreasing temperature from high temperature(T>450$^{\circ}C$). Calculated ${\alpha}Na^+$, ${\alpha}K^+$, ${\alpha}Ca^{2+}$, ${\alpha}Mg^{2+}$ and pH values during wallrock alteration are 0.0476($400^{\circ}C$), 0.0863($350^{\circ}C$), 0.0154($400^{\circ}C$), 0.0231($350^{\circ}C$), 2.42E-11($400^{\circ}C$), 7.07E-10($350^{\circ}C$), 1.59E-12($400^{\circ}C$), 1.77E-11($350^{\circ}C$), 5.4${\sim}$6.4($400^{\circ}C$), 5.3${\sim}$5.7($350^{\circ}C$)respectively. Gain elements(enrichment elements) during wallrock alteration are $TiO_2$, $Fe_2O_3(T)$,CaO, MnO, MgO, As, Ag, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, W, V, Br, Cs, Rb, Sc, Bi, Nb, Sb, Se, Sn and Lu. Elements(Ag, As, Zn, Sc, Sb, Rb, S, $CO_2$) represents a potential tools for exploration in mesothermal and epithermal gold-silver deposits.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.188.1-188.1
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• 2015

For present investigation Fe/MgO/Fe/Co multilayer stack is grown on Si substrate using e-beam evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum. This stack is irradiated perpendicularly by 120 MeV $Ag^{8+}$ at different fluences ranging from $1{\times}10^{11}$ to $1{\times}10^{13}ions/cm^2$ in high vacuum using 15UD Pelletron Accelerator at Inter University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi. Magnetic measurements carried out on pre and post irradiated stacks show significant changes in the shape of perpendicular hysteresis which is relevant with previous observation of re-orientation of magnetic moment along the direction of ion trajectory. However increase in plane squareness may be due to the modification of interface structure of stacks. X-ray reflectivity measurements show onset of interface roughness and interface mixing. X-ray diffraction measurements carried out using synchrotron radiation shows amorphous nature of MgO and Co layer in the stack. Peak corresponding body centered Fe [JCPDS-06-0696] is observed in X-ray diffraction pattern of pre and post irradiated stacks. Peak broadening shows granular nature of Fe layer. Estimated crystallite size is $22{\pm}1nm$ for pre-irradiated stack. Crystallite size first increases with irradiation then decreases. Structural quality of these stacks was further studied using transmission electron microscopic measurements. Thickness from these measurements are 54, 36, 23, 58 and 3 nm respectively for MgO, Fe, MgO, Fe+Co and Au layers in the stack. These measurements envisage poor crystallinity of different layers. Interfaces are not clear which indicate mixing at interface. With increase fluence mixing and diffusion was increased in the stack. X-ray absorption spectroscopic measurements carried out on these stacks show changes of Fe valence state after irradiation along with change of O(2p)-metal (3d) hybridized state. Valence state change predicts oxide formation at interface which causes enhanced in-plane magnetization.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1993.07b
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• pp.612-614
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• 1993

Sputtering requires a way to bombard the target with sufficient momentum. Positive ions are the most convenient source since their energy and momentum can be controlled by applying a potential to the target. Although many types of discharges have been used for sputtering, magnetrons are now the most widely used because of the high ion current densities. Namely, plasma near the target electrode is confined by magnetic field using permanent magnet, so that the collision probability is increased. It is important to develop RF magnetron sputtering system which has many excellent merits compared with conventional methods. Our study aims to develop 1 kW RF source(13.56 MHz, TR type) and to accumulate the design and construction technology of RF magnetron sputter-deposition system. We developed 1 kW RF sputtering system to deposit thin film. These films are deposited by this RF source matched by auto-matching system using primarily argon gas. Target of Au, Ni, Al, and $SiO_2$ was well deposited on the argon pressure of 5-10 mTorr.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.469-484
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• 2022

The Janggun Pb-Zn deposit has been known one of the four largest deposits (Yeonhwa, Shinyemi, Uljin) in South Korea. The geology of this deposit consists of Precambrian Weonnam formation, Yulri group, Paleozoic Jangsan formation, Dueumri formation, Janggum limestone formation, Dongsugok formation, Jaesan formation and Mesozoic Dongwhachi formation and Chungyang granite. This Pb-Zn deposit is hydrothermal replacement deposit in Paleozoic Janggum limestone formation. The wallrock alteration that is remarkably recognized with Pb-Zn mineralization at this deposit consists of mainly rhodochrositization and dolomitization with minor of pyritization, sericitization and chloritization. Wallrock alteration is divided into the five zones (Pb-Zn orebody -> rhodochrosite zone -> dolomite zone -> dolomitic limestone zone -> limestone or dolomitic marble) from orebody to wallrock. The white mica from wallrock alteration occurs as fine or medium aggregate associated with Ca-dolomite, Ferroan ankerite, sideroplesite, rutile, apatite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, quartz, chlorite and calcite. The structural formular of white mica from wallrock alteration is (K_0.77-0.62Na_0.03-0.00Ca_0.03-0.00Ba_0.00Sr_0.01)_0.82-0.64(Al_1.72-1.48Mg_0.48-0.20Fe_0.04-0.01Mn_0.03-0.00Ti_0.01-0.00Cr_{0.00As0.01-0.00}Co_0.03-0.00Zn_0.03-0.00Pb_0.05-0.00Ni_0.01-0.00)_2.07-1.92 (Si_3.43-3.33Al_0.67-0.57)_4.00O₁₀(OH_1.94-1.80F_0.20-0.06)_2.00. It indicated that white mica from wallrock alteration has less K, Na and Ca, and more Si than theoretical dioctahedral micas. The white micas from wallrock alteration of Janggun Pb-Zn deposit, Yeonhwa 1 Pb-Zn deposit and Baekjeon Au-Ag deposit, and limestone of Gumoonso area correspond to muscovite and phengite and white mica from wallrock alteration of Dunjeon Au-Ag deposit corresponds to muscovite. Compositional variations in white mica from wallrock alteration of these deposits and limeston of Gumoonso area are caused by mainly phengitic or Tschermark substitution mechanism (Janggun Pb-Zn deposit), mainly phengitic or Tschermark substitution and partly illitic substitution mechanism (Yeonhwa 1 Pb-Zn deposit, Dunjeon Au-Ag deposit and Baekjeon Au-Ag deposit), and mainly phengitic or Tschermark substitution and partly illitic substitution or Na⁺ <-> K⁺ substitution mechanism (Gumoonso area).