• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.561-574
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• 2011

This study investigates the ultimate factor structure of consumer dissatisfaction with the off-line purchase and usage of clothing. It identifies the determinant dimensions of consumer dissatisfaction on clothing purchase and usage and investigates the hierarchical structure of consumer dissatisfaction by assessing and comparing the effectiveness of five alternative factor structure models. A total of 300 women were online-surveyed to assess the level of dissatisfaction based on their dissatisfying experience with clothing purchases and usage in terms of product quality, price, salesperson's attitude, and store environment. The exploratory factor analysis identified the underlying dimensions of dissatisfaction: Handling, Aesthetics, Salesperson, Size, Price, Product Quality, Service, and Environment. By employing a first-order confirmatory factor analysis and higher-order confirmatory factor analysis, consumer dissatisfaction was confirmed to have a hierarchical structure with three second-order constructs Intrinsic instrument is manifested by handling, quality, and size, Intrinsic expression consists of service, salesperson, and environment, and Extrinsic circumstance contains aesthetics and price. On empirically demonstrating the multi-dimensional constructs of consumer dissatisfaction by identifying its hierarchical structure, the study provides the theoretical and practical insights to comprehend consumer purchase and post-purchase behavior. Specifically, it affords an empirical platform to extend the scope of research with condensed concepts of dissatisfaction to researchers. In addition, it also enables marketers to take a broader view of consumer dissatisfaction by providing cues about potential problems and identifying the source of those problems.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.150-160
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• 1999

Background and purpose : Drug abuse is one of the most serious problems among the Korean adolescents today and has been associated with delinquent behavior in adolescents. The number of adolescents who abuse drugs is increasing yearly. Solutions to the problem, however, have not been well developed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a drug use prevention program which was developed by researchers. The program was a modified DARE(Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program for Korean adolescents. Methods: This study used an experimental, one-group pretest-posttest design with a convenience sample of 122 middle school students who were at one middle school located in Seoul. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire where ‘knowledge and attitude about drug use’, ‘social skill’, and ‘self-esteem’ were measured. The program had 12 sessions to improve knowledge and attitudes towards drugs, decision making skills, social resistance skills, management of stress and self-esteem of students. Teaching strategies for each session were varied lectures, group discussion. role-playing, question-and-answer sessions and audiovisual materials. Paired t-test was used to analyze the differences between the pre- and post-test scores on knowledge of and attitudes towards drug use, social skills, and self-esteem. Results : There were significant differences in knowledge and attitudes about drug use between pretest and post-test (p＜.05), but no significant differences in social skill and self-esteem(p＞.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that the drug use prevention program was not effective in promoting social-skill and self-esteem of Korean adolescents. These findings might be due to the respondents being in the period of early adolescence (puberty) and not being good at group discussion. So, further study is needed to develop a drug use prevention program appropriate to students 9 and 10 years old, and to encourge small group discussion.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.95-107
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• 2010

Hand-washing is one of the major factors in personal hygiene and public health. This study was undertaken to investigate the hygienic behavior of food-service employees, focusing on awareness of hand washing, hand washing practices, and the load of index microorganisms (aerobic plate count, total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) on the hands of food-service employees. A questionnaire survey completed by direct interview, direct observation of restrooms by the researcher and trained observers, and microbiological examination according to the Food Code of Korea were carried out. In the survey, a positive attitude toward hand washing compliance was reported; however, improper hand washing and poor hand hygiene of the food-service employees were seen under direct observation. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the questionnaire survey and the direct observations in hand washing compliance after using the toilet, duration of hand washing, use of hand washing agents, use of hand washing tools, washing of different parts of the hands, hand-drying method, temperature of water, and method of turning off the water. Samples taken from employees' hands before washing showed higher levels of bacteria than those taken during work and/or after washing (p<0.05). Poor hand washing practices were indicated by the positive results for total and fecal coliforms, E. coli, and S. aureus on the hands of some food-service employees. This study showed that there is a marked difference between the food-service employees' awareness of hand-washing and their actual hand-washing practices. The poor hand hygiene of and improper hand washing by the food-service employees should be addressed for improved food safety.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.835-844
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the dietary behaviors, nutritional status and hematological status of female ballet majors a university. The study was conducted from May 11 to June 20, 2004 by questionnaires, anthropometry and blood analysis and data analyzed by SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows: The body mass index (BMI) and body fat rate of the ballet majors were significantly lower than those of the controls. Eighty-six point four percent of the ballet majors and $58.3\%$ of the controls had weight control experiences. Intakes of the nutrients were lower than those of the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) , except vitamin C in the ballet majors. Intakes of calories, calcium and iron were lower than those of the RDAs in the controls. Serum triglyceride levels of the ballet majors were significantly lower than that of the controls. HDL-cholesterol concentration was higher in the ballet majors than in the controls. No differences were found in the serum total cholesterol level, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit value between the groups. Total iron binding capacity of the ballet majors was higher than that of the controls. Serum iron level was significantly lower in the ballet majors than in the controls. Nutrition knowledge scores and dietary attitude scores were lower in the ballet majors than in the controls. Self esteem and body-cathexis of the ballet majors were higher than that of the controls. These results indicate that the ballet majors should be given more nutritional education to improve their nutritional status and the dancing Performance. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $835\∼844$, 2005)

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1990

Sex does not mean simply the physical behaviors related to man and woman, rather the sexuality needed socializing process toward total personality. It is believed that religion or social norms on sex, limit talking about sex openly. But children have, their own sexual thinking and want to know why and how. This survey was conducted to find out the need in sex education of primary school students and their parents in Seoul area, comparing students'sexual knowledge, attitude, and behavior to their parents', in October 1989. Total 400 students and their parents who are attending two primary school in Seoul, were given the questionnaires, and 395 students' and 310 parents', respectively, were finally analyzed. The following results were obtained. 1. The mean of 11 questions In asking sexual knowledge of students was 6.18, and showed no difference between boys and girls. But the higher grade, the higher score. 2. The positive attitudes on marriage and sex roles were showed, but negative on physical changes with puberty, which was same to the parents' reaction. 3. Moro than three-forths of students wanted to take sex education class, and one-third of them believed that it should be conducted by school nurses. This was accorded with their parents. 4. The sexual knowledge degree and attitudes of parents went proportionately to their higher educational background. Protestants reacted more negatively to the given sexual terms. No significant difference was made among the age groups of them. As stated above. the degree of sexual knowledge and attitudes are movable accordingly to their children's sexual thinking and need. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that sex education In the primary schools should be conducted systematically involving parents, especially mothers. And it is suggested that school nurses undertake their responsibilities as the sex educators.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2015

This study explored the degree of cognition, purchasing experience and attitudes towards SPA brand attributes. This study examined the differences in variables and demographic characteristics against appearance interest groups. A questionnaire survey collected data from November $1^{st}$ and $15^{th}$ 2012. The convenience sample was drawn from females between the ages of 20 and 39 who lived in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk regions of South Korea. A total of 255 responses were complete and usable questionnaires. Data were tested through factor analysis, t-test, and ${\chi}^2$ test using SPSS 21.0. The results show that there were significant group differences in the cognition and purchasing experience of SPA brands and the attitudes towards SPA brand attributes. The high appearance interest group was more aware of SPA brands and evaluated SPA brand attributes more positively and bought more SPA brand products than the low appearance interest group. The high appearance interest group showed that domestic brands were excellent in low price among brand attributes but foreign brands were relatively excellent in various design and store display. There was a significant difference in educational level between appearance interest groups; however, there were no significant differences in age, marital status, and income level group. This study contributes to basic information for the SPA brand buying behavior research field and apparel industry marketing strategy by analyzing the relationship among appearance interest, cognition, SPA brand purchasing experience and SPA brand attribute attitudes.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.232-252
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• 2009

This study investigated dieting behavior, awareness of body shapes, and eating disorders in female adolescents according to age and BMI. The Eating Attitude Test for Korean Adolescents (EAT-26KA) and sociocultural standards were used to measure eating disorders and sociocultural attitudes related to appearance, respectively. In addition, the BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) scale was used to measure the correlation between disordered eating and depression. The data were collected from 390 female adolescents living in Seoul and were analyzed using SPSS15.0. The results indicated that subjects wanted to be thinner despite having a normal body weight (BMI 19.35${\pm}$2.73). They also thought of themselves as fat and with desires to be slimmer, and viewed "diet and exercise" as the best way to lose weight. About 67.4% of the respondents had tried a diet and had experienced dizziness, anorexia, and general exhaustion while dieting. Also, 5.1% of the subjects were classified as eating disorder and suffered from stress to be thin. In addition, 85.0% of the subjects with eating disorder had tried a diet due to "appearance". They thought that "being underweight" was an ideal body image and considered themselves fat, although their BMIs were in the normal range (19.94${\pm}$2.02). In terms of symptoms during dieting, many of the subjects dealing with an eating disorder felt dizzy, had low energy, and were depressed. In conclusion, we must educate young females about healthy eating and positive body image to prevent the development of adolescent eating disorders.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.18 no.1 s.26
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• pp.1-30
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• 2005

Environmental education as worldwide sustainable education is effective when it is carried out as early as possible. But we do not have any aims and textbooks for environmental education in the elementary school. The purpose of this study is systematizing environmental syllabus as sustainable education. To achieve this purpose, firstly, the meaning of environmental education as sustainable education was conceptualized, secondly, the aims of environmental education was set up, thirdly, domains of environmental education was revised, and lastly, the syllabus for environmental instruction were created for each grade. Literature review was practiced over 143 textbooks and teacher's guidebooks from the 4th to 7th curriculum period. The result of this study follows. First, environmental education as sustainable education in the elementary school was conceptualized as an integrative education to keep the lifelong education and welfare. Second, the synthetic aim of environmental education as sustainable education in the elementary school was set up as 'cultivating desirable environmental people that behave for the sustainable future with environment-friendly value and attitude. Third, our environmental domains were divided into 11-12 independent areas, and ESSD (Environmentally Sound and Sustainable Development) was located on the subcategory of environmental domain. These domains were revised into three environmental domains and five sub-domains. Fourth, according to the aims of environmental education as sustainable education and five environmental domains, 253 objectives were established. Fifth, objectives of environmental education of 10 subject matters and integrative objectives were presented. Sixth, based on the objectives of domains and subject matters, 255 contents for environmental education in the elementary school were abstracted and distributed to each grade in the consideration of balance among domains and appropriateness of grades. Seventh, analytic results of textbooks of 7th curriculum shows heavy stress on the 'knowledge perception' section and deficiency on the altitudes and behavior section. The environment-related level and contents overlapped and fragmented deeply. Furthermore, 33 parts of textbooks could bring to mis-concept on environment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 1979

The purposes of this study were ; (1) to investigate attitudes toward Korean clothing in relation to 3 aspects of clothing behavior , and in relation to attitudes toward women's role, age and education, and (2) to ascertain the extent to which Korean clothing was used and valued. Clothing measures consisted of statements dealing with positive and negative attitudes toward psychological and practical aspects of Korean clothing, frequency of use of Korean clothing, and modesty and confirmity -individuality measure. The measure of attitudes toward women's role consisted of items selected form the Inventory of Feminie Values and the Sex Role Ideology Scale. Product-moment correlation was used to analyze the data which consisted of the responses of 700 adult Korean women to questionnaires administered by the researcher. The results obtained are as follows : 1) Positive attitudes toward Korean clothing for both psychological and practical aspects were, (1) related negatively to nontraditional attitudes toward women's role and education, and (2) related positively to age, frequency of wearing Korean clothing and modesty in clothing. 2) Negative attitudes toward Korean clothing for practical aspect was related negatively to age and education , whereas, the psychological aspect was negatively related to attitudes toward women's role. 3) Conformity-individuality in clothing was related positively to attitudes toward women's role and education. 4) Modesty in clothing was related negatively to attitudes toward women's role and education, conformity individuality, and was related positively to age. 5) In 1945 most of the subjects over 51 -year-old wore Korean clothing always or most of time, whereas, about 1/3 of them wore the same in 1976 , Only 4% of the total participants regardless of their ages wore Korean clothing for everyday life in 1976. 6) In general , highly positive attitudes toward Korean clothing were found on psychological aspect, whereas, highly negative attitudes toward Korean clothing were found on practical aspect.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.137-142
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the features that make residents feel “at home” in ALFs in Southwest Virginia and to suggest further policy and design guidelines for better Quality of ALFs as a “home.” For this purpose, residents' needs, experiences, and opinions of the physical environment, the social environment, and the organizational environments such as policies and programs of ALFs were identified. As a multi-case study, five ALFs in Southwest Virginia were studied using constant comparative methos of data analysis. In addition to face-to-face interviews with 25 residents and five administrators of five ALFs, observations were conducted with personal journal. Overall, the five sites selected presented homelike features showing the philosophy of assisted living which combines housing and services. Each facility was designed to be a single-family house or multi-family dwelling in outside appearance. As a whole, residents felt isolation and loneliness and they did not have active interaction with other residents because of diverse background among the residents. However, all of them had close relationships with the staff. The staff's attitude and behavior seemed to influence greatly the residents' feeling “at home.” Despite the provision of diverse activities by the facilities, many residents did not participate in the programs. Most of the residents agreed that the rule and regulations were fair. In spite of high satisfaction with the facility, many people did not think of their current dwelling as a real ‘home.’ As the biggest difference between living in their own homes and living in the ALF, people pointed out a lack of independence, freedom, and autonomy. Residents of ALFs may have reordered their priorities in their current life situation so that safety, security, and care were more important to them than feeling “at home.” Among the three factors --physical, social, and organizational-- that affect the residents' perception of ALFs as a “home, ” many emphasized the importance of social factors such as relationships with the staff and residents, and social support from their family or friends.