• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.93-116
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• 2006

The main purpose of this study is to examine whether power-of-speech have an impact on persuasion in radio CM and to determine what is stronger variable either power-of-speech or sex of source. Previous research showed confused result about this issue. Some research supposed the effect of power-of-speech depend on sex of source/Carli, 1990) but the others supposed it is not(Holtgraves & Lasky, 1999; Erickson, Lind, Johnson, & O'Barr, 1978). So present research is designed to show empirical evidence about this issue examining the interaction between effect of power-of-speech and sex of source. Result revealed that power-of-speech affects strongly on persuasion and that effect have no interaction with sex of source. This result means that the effect of power-of-speech is stronger than the effect of sex of source. But in attitude toward product exceptionally, female source using powerful speech induce more favorable attitude toward product than female source using powerless speech whereas male source using powerful and powerless speech induce same attitude toward product.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.73-89
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• 1995

This study was planned to investigate indirectly the effects of study environments of high school students such as family characteristics, availability of sex education, and possibility of exposure to unhealthy sexual environments. For this purpose, the level of knowledge and attitude towards sex of general and industrial high school students were compared because these two groups of students were believed to be different in those study variables. For this study, 600 students (300 male and 300 female students) from a general high school students and 400 (200 male and 200 female) from an industrial high school in one industrial city in Korea were surveyed with a structured questionnaire. The study results were as follows: 1. There were significant differences in selected family condition variables between general and industrial high school students. Proportions of students with single parents, those who live in houses other than their own, and those father's occupations were farming and manufacturing were higher in industrial high school students than in general high school students. 2. Female students wanted to have more knowledge on sex whereas male students were interested in things related to sexual acts in both general and industrial high school students. The largest proportion of students wanted to discuss their sex problems with their friends not with their parents. 3. More students in general high school thought that the sexual intercourse is natural and pretty than those in industrial high school, whereas more industrial high school students insisted on the sexual purity before marriage than general high school students. 4. About 65% of students surveyed agreed to making friends with opposite sex and, in fact, more than half either had experiences or were having friends of opposite sex. More students in industrial high school wanted to choose their marital partners based on advices of their parents than students in general high school. 5. More female students than male and more industrial high school students than general high school students were embarrassed with first wet dream or menstruation and felt guilty about the masturbation. 6. Level of knowledge on reproductive physiology, sex transmitted disease and contraception was higher in general high school students than in industrial high school students. These study results suggest that simple knowledge on sex of the general high school students does not seem to affect positively the students attitude towards sex and the unfavorable living conditions of industrial high school students seem to influence the students to become more sincere and healthy in their attitude towards sex and life. Therefore, more thoughtful consideration in contents and methods should be given when the sex education is provided to the high school students.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 1992

This study was planned and carried out 1) to identify the general menstrual characteristics, 2) to understand perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, and sex role acceptance, 3) to investigate the correlation between perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, sex role acceptance in order to provide basic information about menstruation. The subjects of this study were 313 college women and they were asked to check Menstrual Discomfort questionnaire, Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, and Role Acceptance Scale. Data were gathered from April 1 to June 24, 1992. The results were as follows : 1) The mean age of the subjects was 19, and the mean age of monarch was 13.6 ranged from 11 to 19. The distribution of menstrual cycle showed a wide variation and the mean cycle was 29.7 days. The duration of menstrual cycle was between 2-8 days, and in 65.8% the amount of menstrual fluid was within normal limit. 2) The frequencies of perimenstrual discomfort was 56.9% when asked to check it on 5 point scale. 3) All scores of perimenstrual discomfort were higher on premenstrual period than intermenstrual period, and higher on menstrual period than premenstrual period. They were statistically significant. 4) In general, the college women perceived menstruation as natural, somewhat bothersome, and not very debilitating or predictable, although they did not deny that menstruation had some effects. 5) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and menstrual attitude was significant. 6) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and sex role acceptance was significant. 7) The correlation between menstrual attitude and sex role acceptance was significant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.298-310
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• 1996

This research is designed to study the sales promotion strategy and advertising program which can provide the effective materials to the clothing industry. The purposes of this study are as follows. First, After college students are classified according to clothing involvement level, the relations between clothing involvement groups sand demographic variables, such as, sex, residence, pocket money, and clothing cost are understood. Second, attitude toward the expression of awertising according to clothing involvement is analyzed. Third, attitudes toward the expression of advertising were analyzed according to demo- graphic variables. Subjects were 474 students of universtiy in Seoul. This study was conducted by means of a questionnaire survey and random sampling method was used. In order to test the attitude toward advertising, the questionnaire was made through pre test and validity test. Study results were as follows. First, Subjects were divided into groups ccording to the clothing involvement level, and it was proved that sex, residence, pocket money, and clothing cost were related. Second, there was significance in attitude toward the expression of advertising according to clothing involvement level. Third, sex, residence, pocket money, clothing cost, reasonable level of cost were relatively connectd with attitude according to the expression of the jeans advertising.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-74
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify how age-identity is associated with the attitude toward the elderly and self-esteem of the aged. The subjects were 366 adults aged 60 and over. The statistics used for the data analysis were reliability test, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, one way ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression. The results of this study were as follows; First, The majority of elderly acknowledged psychological ages as their actual ages. Secondly, The degrees of elderlys' age-identity was 2.12, and the levels of the attitude toward the elderly was 60.62. Also, The degrees of elderlys' self-esteem was 24.16. The surveyed data showed higher means than medians. Third, The age-identity of elderly was significant with respect to spouse, religion, career, living state, sex, age, gap of actual age, health state, economic state, education, monthly living expenses. And the attitude toward the elderly was stastically significant with respect age-identity, career, spouse, religion, living state, health state, education, monthly living expenses, economic state, gap of actual age, and age. Moreover, The elderlys' self-esteem level was significant with respect to spouse, age-identity, living state, religion, career, economic state, monthly living expenses, the attitude toward the elderly, health state, education, and age. Finally, The variables affecting the age-identity of elderly were health state, economic state, religion, age that explained about 34% of the total variance. And The attitude toward the elderly were age-identity, health state, gap of actual age that explained about 19% of the total variance. Also, The variables that affect elderlys' self-esteem were economic state, age-identity, the attitude toward the elderly, sex, monthly living expenses that explained about 33% of the total variance.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 1997

The purpose of the survey was to Identify the degree and the relationship of sexual knowledge, sexual attitude. This information will provide useful data for a more systematic, desirable, and practical sex education. The data was collected from 187 first grade schoolchildren(95 boys and 92 girls) of two Junior high school in Chun-nam area. The data was gathered by questionnaire from Oct. 1 to 15, 1996. The questionnaire was modified by authors using the questionnaire developed by You-Jeong, Han (1996). Data was analyzed by using the statistical computer package, SAS to manipulate the data along with percentages, means, standard deviation, t-test, χ²-test, GLM, and Pearson correlation coeffiency. The results in this study were summarized as follows: 1. Sex related knowledges.-The mean score of sex related knowledges showed significant differences between boys and girls (boys : 22.3, girls .21.0, p<0.025), and in the area of pregnancy & delivary(boys : 9.4, girls : 7.9, P<0.000) showed significant difference between boys and girls, but in the area of physical differeces of the other sex(boys : 12.9, girls ; 13.1, p<0.551) showed no significant difference between boys and girls. 2. Sex related attitudes.-The mean score of sex related altitudes showed significant difference between boys and girls (boys : 56.7, girls : 60.5, p<0.002) and in the area of psychological difference the other sex(boys 28.9, girls : 32.5, p

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.75-88
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• 2008

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the contraceptive knowledge, self-efficacy according to the career tract of high school female students. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional, correlational design using an exploratory survey methodology through self-reported questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered to 369 high school female students using a convenience sampling. Results: In the experience of sexual behaviors(grasping hand, hugging, petting, deep petting, sexual intercourse), technical female high school students showed more experiences than female high school students. In the contraceptive knowledge, the score of high school students' contraceptive knowledge was higher than technical female high school students. In the contraceptive self-efficacy, there was not a significant difference between the technical female high school students and female high school students. In the female high school students, there were significant differences in the contraceptive knowledge according to grade, academic record, sex education experience and there were significant differences in the contraceptive self-efficacy according to grade, academic record, parents' attitude about acquaintance of the opposite sex. In the technical female high school students, there was not significant difference in the contraceptive knowledge according to demographic, sexual behavior, and contraceptive related characteristics but there were significant differences in the contraceptive self-efficacy according to grade, parents' attitude about acquaintance of the opposite sex, contraceptive education experience at school. There was positive relationship between contraceptive knowledge and contraceptive self-efficacy. Conclusion: Further research is needed to identify the prevalence rate of contraceptive attitude using more reliable variables. A sex education program should be developed for promoting use of contraceptive measure and formation of positive contraceptive attitude among high school female students.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2004

Purpose: To investigate and compare the knowledge and attitude about smoking of the elementary students according to anti-smoking education. Method: A descriptive comparative study design was used. A total 2,000 of the 4th, 5th and 6th grade of elementary students classified into education and non-education groups according to their anti-smoking education. Knowledge and attitude about smoking were measured by the constructed questionnaire. Results: 1) Students' knowledge about smoking were 11.50point on average with highest score being 20. The knowledge of the education group was significantly higher than those of non-education group. No significant differences were observed according to grade or sex. 2) Students' attitude toward smoking were negative with the mean score 31.70. No significant differences were observed according to anti-smoking education, while students in higher grades and male showed significant favorable attitude toward smoking. 3) Among the students of respondents, 5.3％ answered they had the experience of smoking. The smoking experience of the education group was significantly higher than those of non-education group. 96.0％ of the students would not smoking in the future. No significant differences were observed according to anti-smoking education. Conclusion: The results suggested that a systematic strategy required to lead desirable attitude and behavior about smoking of students.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate dual gender identity, masculine gender identity, feminine gender identity, undifferentiated gender identity with related to Sex, home environments, parental child-rearing attitude of warmth, parental child-rearing attitude of control, role division of parents and determine predictors for dual gender identity. Method : Study subjects were $6^{th}$ grade of primary students with 2,118. Data was collected from Oct to Nov 2003 by using structured questionnaire. Results : ${\cdot}$ Among the children, 345 had masculine gender identity, 529 had feminine gender identity, 526 had undifferentiated gender identity, and 718 had dual gender identity. ${\cdot}$ There were significant differences in the children's sex, mother's age, father's age, mother's educational level, father's educational level, existence of mother's job, father's job, social economic status, sex of siblings, mother's job satisfaction, family structure, family atmosphere, child-rearing attitude(warmth and control), role division of parents($p{\leq}0.001$) among 4 groups. ${\cdot}$ The significant predictors for dual gender identity were children's sex (OR = 0,196, P =0.001), father's age(OR = 31.053, p = 0.020), mother's educational level(OR = 43,980, p = 0.001), father's job(OR=27.465, p = 0.001), social economic status(OR=O.941, p=0.001), sex of siblings(OR = 0.329, p = 0.005), mother's job satisfaction(OR = 0.673, p =0.001), family structure(OR = 0.887, p = 0.001), family atmosphere(OR = 23.786, p = 0.001), parental Child-rearing attitude of warmth(OR = 8.043, p = 0.001) and child-rearing attitude of control(OR = 0.666, p = 0.005), role division of parents(OR = 3.009, p = 0.001). Conclusions : These findings suggest the necessity of broad understandings about factors which influence dual gender role, and construction of combinative model. Also they suggest parent education for establishment of children's dual gender identity.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.489-498
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to measure the knowledge. Attitude and the needs of sex education for college students in order to provide basic sex education information. Method: For this study, the questionnaires were given to 320 students in the H, D colleage of Daegu and collected during the period from August 25 to October 25, 2003. These results were analyzed statistically by means of, frequency, percentage, t-test, chi-squire test. Result: Female students have a high score of sexual knowledge about genital physiology, sex physiology, V. D. and contraceptive. Both gender in sexual knowledge, male students correctly responded 86.4% form ejaculating sperm from the penis. Females on the other hand correctly responded 96% in the highest score to menstruation blood through out the vagina. Both gender male and female is wished to be co-education in sex education in college at a freshmen level. Sex education should be under by special lecture when education is in progress. Males student want to learn more about V. D. Females in the other hand want to learn a lot about contraceptive. Conclusion: In conclusion college sex education should be basic. knowledgeable and for the future of there on going marriage. It should be responsible in sex education, it should run under regular curriculum in college.