• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.23-37
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• 2002

Buddhist Architecture should be set for worship and an ascetic life, which is its main function as it is a religious facility and its space and form can be considered as means to achieve efficiently a religious function. Every religion concludes its religious function through its ideas and form of faith based on scriptures and religious precepts. The thing should be paid attention to from this point of view is how Buddhist doctrines are reflected on the architecture and the background recognition about the fundamental doctrines and religious system should be preceded to clarify it. Existing researches have studied the characteristics of Buddhist temples on the point of functional view and architectural spacial view through phenomenal ways. Though fruitful results bore about the Korean space through that way, more internal viewpoint is required to clarify the fundamental regularities and spatial concepts indwelling in temple architecture. Considering what structural elements were required to compose one space in traditional Korean architecture is the fundamental subject and important. This thesis searches architectural characteristics through inquiring about the main building and annexes and understanding symbolic characteristics about the arrangement of the Buddhist statue and solemn things in the Buddhist temples of tangible cultural assets or above located in Seoul area.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2013

Objective: Pharmacopuncture, a new therapy in traditional medicine, has attracted significant attention since its introduction to the Western world. This short review article employs a database analysis to examine the profile of publication activity related to pharmacopuncture. Methods: Three databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. About 300 papers related to the topic "pharmacopuncture" were found in these three most-commonly-used databases. Results: Fourteen papers are described in detail and are discussed in the context of the research performed at the Medical University of Graz, especially by the Frank Bahr Research Group "Auriculomedicine and Pharmacopuncture." Conclusion: High-tech research methods concerning future pharmacopuncture studies are briefly discussed.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to comprehensively re-interpret the garments that emphasize a phallus such as codpiece throughout history. Perspective to understand the codpiece is extremely limited in most studies, thus it could be refocused in historical perspectives, formative point of views, and from a psychological point of view from various angles. A literature study of research methods and case studies were combined in order to investigate the emphasis of phallus' appearing in costumes. The following results were obtained. First of all, in length, the form of emphasizing a phallus tended to be distorted as it was protruding. Secondly, in area and volume, the forms of the phallus were mostly exaggerated or expanded. For the last, it drew strong attention with particular detail to the phallus, such as ribbons and swordbelts. The symbolic meaning of various garments with which emphasized a phallus has changed in social context through history. Doubtlessly, it represents patriarchal ideology. Also, it expresses dramatic eroticism due to the theory of immodesty. However, the meaning of it becomes more decentralized through reinterpretation of ideal male suits for modern society and turns into a representational tool of sub-culture. In addition, it could broaden out the new way of fashion expression.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2012

Recently, shape analysis of human organs has achieved much attention, owing to its potential to localize structural abnormalities. For a group-wise shape analysis, it is important to accurately restore the shape of a target structure in each subject and to build the inter-subject shape correspondences. To accomplish this, we propose a shape modeling method based on the Laplacian deformation framework. We deform a template model of a target structure in the segmented images while restoring subject-specific shape features by using Laplacian surface representation. In order to build the inter-subject shape correspondences, we implemented the progressive weighting scheme for adaptively controlling the rigidity parameter of the deformable model. This weighting scheme helps to preserve the relative distance between each point in the template model as much as possible during model deformation. This area-preserving deformation allows each point of the template model to be located at an anatomically consistent position in the target structure. Another advantage of our method is its application to human organs of non-spherical topology. We present the experiments for evaluating the robustness of shape modeling against large variations in shape and size with the synthetic sets of the second cervical vertebrae (C2), which has a complex shape with holes.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.527-546
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• 2014

Portland cement concrete, which has higher strength and stiffness than asphalt concrete, has been widely applied on pavements. However, the brittle fracture characteristic of cement concrete restricts its application in highway pavement construction. Since the polypropylene fiber can improve the fracture toughness of cement concrete, Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (PFRC) is attracting more and more attention in civil engineering. In order to study the effect of polypropylene fiber on the generation and evolution process of the local deformation band in concrete, a series of three-point bending tests were performed using the new technology of the digital speckle correlation method for FRC notched beams with different volumetric contents of polypropylene fiber. The modified Double-K model was utilized for the first time to calculate the stress intensity factors of instability and crack initiation of fiber-reinforced concrete beams. The results indicate that the polypropylene fiber can enhance the fracture toughness. Based on the modified Double-K fracture theory, the maximum fracture energy of concrete with 3.2% fiber (in volume) is 47 times higher than the plain concrete. No effort of fiber content on the strength of the concrete was found. Meanwhile to balance the strength and resistant fracture toughness, concrete with 1.6% fiber is recommended to be applied in pavement construction.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.33-57
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• 2009

Taking the issues of inequity and power between NES and NNES teachers as a starting point, this qualitative study explores the way the widespread belief of the native speaker fallacy manifests itself in one NNES teacher's teaching life and is linked to the teacher's understanding of herself as an English teacher. Guided by critical applied linguistics (Pennycook, 2001) and using Bourdieu's (1991) theorization of symbolic violence, I conducted an instrumental case study (Stake, 1995) in an ESL writing class at a US university. I collected data through classroom observations and interviews over a nine-month period and analyzed the data using the constant comparison method (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). The findings illustrate the ways the dominant ideology of the native speaker fallacy works to maintain and reproduce the status quo unequal relation between NES and NNES teachers by making all parties involved believe in the artificial sociocultural arrangements that favor NES teachers as legitimate. The findings direct our attention to the importance of critical teacher education that will enable future TESOL professionals to engage in critical reflection on diverse issues and envision transformative change. The findings, in particular, point to the need for language support for NNES teachers in TESOL teacher education.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2014

This paper aims to identify what is needed to improve the English for Specific Purposes(ESP) curriculum for English as a Foreign Language(EFL) college learners at navigation school. Different needs from learners and experienced professionals are identified through diversified methods, and the findings from these are analysed and consolidated from a balanced point of view. For this purpose, putting learners at the centre of analysis, identifying their subjective and objective needs serves as a point of departure in formulating the curriculum. Then, the target situation is analysed according to the short-term aim of getting a job, followed by long-term needs for successfully fulfilling future duties as a pilot. Based on findings, it is suggested that ESP curriculum for learners in navigation studies should be focused on the successful language performance of their actual duties and tasks to be given in the future working situations, rather than on immediate needs for getting a job. In particular, special attention needs to be paid to enhancing learners' productive language competences through a series of hands-on trainings and a wide range of extra-curricular activities, specifically for a higher command of oral communication. For this, not only ESP, curriculum for EGP(English for General Purposes) should be systematically structured as ESP-oriented EGP, and naturally move onto areas of ESP in a coherent manner.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.320-326
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• 2002

Distribution system loss minimization re-configuration is 0-1 planning problem, and the number of combinations requiring searches is extremely large when dealing with typical system scales. For this reason, the application of a genetic algorithm (GA) seems attactive to solve this problem. Although Genetic algorithms are a type of random number search method, they incorporate a multi-point search feature and are therefore superior to one-point search techniques. The efficiency of GAs for solving large combinational problem has received wide attention. Further, parallel searching can be performed and the optimal solution is more easily reached. In this paper, for improving GA convergence characteristics in the distribution system loss minimization re-configeration problem, a chromosome "Limited Life" concept is intro duced. Briefly, considering the population homogenization and genetic drift problems, natural selection is achieved by providing this new concept, in addition to natural selection by fitness. This is possible because individuals in a population have an age value. Simulations were carried out using a model system to check this method's validity.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.46-54
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• 2015

Development of digital technology is advancing to levels which influence the formation of city landscapes and spaces. The use of media facade is creating modernized city-spaces with contemporary application of various digital mediums. In this way, media facade functions as media-art in an artistic point of view, while also providing the means for buildings to become landmarks in a city-scape point of view. Going a step further, media facade using interaction is drawing a lot of attention as it enables communication with the city inhabitants instead of one-way contents provision. This paper will research such interactive media facade using transparent display glass currently being used as construction building material and its potential growth.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 2009

Theory-based models and high performance simulations are briefly reviewed starting with atomistic methods, such as Electronic Structure calculations, Molecular Dynamics, and Monte Carlo, continuing with meso-scale methods, such as Dislocation Dynamics and Phase Field, and ending with continuum methods that include Finite Element and Finite Volume. Special attention is paid to relating thermo-mechanical and chemical properties of the fuel to reactor parameters. By inserting atomistic models of point defects into continuum thermo-chemical calculations, a model of oxygen diffusivity in $UO_{2+x}$ is developed and used to predict point defect concentrations, oxygen diffusivity, and fuel stoichiometry at various temperatures and oxygen pressures. The simulations of coupled heat transfer and species diffusion demonstrate that including the dependence of thermal conductivity and density on composition can lead to changes in the calculated centerline temperature and thermal expansion displacements that exceed 5%. A review of advanced nuclear fuel performance codes reveals that the many codes are too dedicated to specific fuel forms and make excessive use of empirical correlations in describing properties of materials. The paper ends with a review of international collaborations and a list of lessons learned that includes the importance of education in creating a large pool of experts to cover all necessary theoretical, experimental, and computational tasks.