• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative and fibrinolytic activity of the water and ethanol extracts from medicinal plants. Methods : Five kinds of medicinal plants(Carthami Flos, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Atractylodes Rhizoma, Shiitake mushiroom) were extracted with distilled water and 70% ethanol, and the extracts were tested for their antioxidative and fibrilytic activities. Results : The highest polyphenol contents of the water and ethanol extracts from medicinal plants were 812.52 mg and 685.44 mg per 100 g of Carthamus tinctorius and Schizandra chinensis, respectively. The electron donating abilities (EDA) of the water extracts from all medicinal plants except Lentinus edodes were about 90% at 1,000 ppm and ethanol extracts were higher than those of water extracts. The highest SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging abilities (NSA) were both of water and ethanol extracts from Schizandra chinensis. Five kinds of medicinal plants had fibrinolytoc activity and the highest activities were water and ethanol extracts from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Conclusion : These results suggest that the medicinal plants can be used as natural antioxidant to prevent oxidative damage in normal cells probably because of their antioxidative and fibrinolytic activities.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 1976

1. In the rabbit and the dog, the blood pressure response to water extract and methanol extract obtained from Atractylodes rhizoma alb'a was investigated. 2. Water extract and methanol extract, when administered into the rabbit and the dog by the route of vein, produced fall of the blood pressure. 3. The depressor response of the rabbit to water extract and methanol extract was not affected by $Avicel{\circledR}$, propranolol and atropine. 4. The depressor response by water extract and methanol extract in the rabbit was not affected by guanethidine, but water extract and methanol extract produced elevation of blood pressure in this rabbit. 5. Pretreatment of rabbit with chlorisendamine or phenoxybenzamine weakened the depressor response to water extract and methanol extract, and the both extracts produced secondary elevation of blood pressure in this rabbit. 6. The pressor response of the chlorisondamine-treated rabbit to water extract and methanol extract was not affected by atropine. 7. Water extract decreased the pressor action of tyramine and depressor action of pilocarpine and isoproterenol, but did not affect the blood pressure response of nor einephrine, angiotensin and dimethylpehnyl piperazinium iodide(DMPP).

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2015

Objective: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue from the perspectives of mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance, it is formed by myogenesis which is dynamic multistep process to be myotubes. The authors could found that root of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi (Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, ARA) enhanced glucose and lipid metabolism in C2C12 myotubes via mitochondrial regulation. However its action in myogenesis process is not known. The aim of this work was the study of ARA on proliferation, differentiation and hypertrophy in C2C12 cells. Methods: To study proliferation phase, cells were incubated in growth medium with or without ARA (0.2 or 1.0 mg/ml) for 24 hours. To examine differentiation, at 70% confluence, cells were transferred in differentiation medium both with/without ARA (0.2 or 1.0 mg/ml) for 96 hours. And after 72 hours of differentiation, cells were treated with or without ARA (0.2 or 1.0 mg/ml) for 24 hours, the genesis of hypertrophy in myotubes were analyzed. Results: In proliferation phase, ARA could make difference in morphologic examination. In differentiation phase, it also made morphologic difference furthermore ARA (1.0 mg/ml) increased mRNA expressions of Myogenic regulatory factors and muscle-specific proteins synthesis. In late differentiation, ARA induced hypertrophic morphological changes in neo-formed myotubes. Conclusions: ARA might control cell cycle promoting myogenesis and hypertrophy in C2C12 cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the intracellular hydrogen peroxide productions of mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 are modulated by Red Ginseng-Ejung-tang water extract (ER) and White Ginseng-Ejung-tang water extract (EG). Red Ginseng-Ejung-tang were composed of Red Ginseng, Atractylodes rhizome white, Zingiberis Rhizoma Siccus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. White Ginseng-Ejung-tang were composed of White Ginseng, Atractylodes rhizome white, Zingiberis Rhizoma Siccus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix. The intracellular hydrogen peroxide productions were measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 assay with spectrofluorometer (excitation 485 nm; emission 535 nm). For 4, 20, 24, 44, 48, 68, and 72 h incubation, ER significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions of RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ (P <0.05). EG for 4, 20, 24, 44, and 48 h incubation significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions of RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 25, 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ (P <0.05). For 68 and 72 h incubation, EG at the concentration of 50, 100, and $200{\mu}g/mL$ significantly increased hydrogen peroxide productions in RAW 264.7 (P <0.05). These results suggest that ER and EG have the immune-enhancing properties related with their increasing effects on the intracellular hydrogen peroxide production of macrophage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.910-916
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• 2002

As the utilization of medicinal herbs in food and bio-industry increases, safe hygienic technologies for them are demanded. To consider the possibility of application of radiation technology for this purpose, the genotoxi-cological safety of three r -irradiated medicinal herbs were studied. Astragali Radix, Atractylodes Rhizoma and Cimicifugae Rhizoma were irradiated at 10 kGy, and then were extracted with hot water. The genotoxicity of the extracts was examined in two short-term in vitro tests: (1) Salmonella reversion assay (Ames test) in strains of TA98 and TA100; (2) Micronucleus test in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The extract was treated at maximum doses of 5 mg/plate in Salmonella reversion assay, and 1 mg/mL in micronucleus test where growth of CHO cells was inhibited by 50%. In Salmonella reversion assay with or without metabolic activation, both ex-tracts of irradiated and non-irradiated herbs showed no significant differences in formation of revertant colonies compared with the negative control. And also in micronucleus test, the incidences of micronucleus in CHO cells cultured with extracts of irradiated herbs were almost same as negative control in less than 3%. These results of two in vitro tests suggest that ${\gamma}$-irradiated herbs do not show mutagenicity and cytogenetic toxicity. Further tests of in vivo genotoxicity and chronic toxicity are needed to ascertain the safety of ${\gamma}$-irradiated herbs.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 1988

A single i.v. dose of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) given to rats has produced a marked hyper-glycemia (>500 mg serum glucose/dl). Since the Atractylodis Rhizoma is known to have hypo-glycemic action, the water extracts of Atractylodis Rhizoma (ARWE) was given to the streptozotocin-induced (SZ) hyperglycemic rats. To determine whether ARWE has the anti-hyperglycemic effects, two different daily doses of ARWE (i.e.0.2 g/kg and 2.0 g/kg) were given orally to the SZ rats for up to 8 days. Thereupon, serum levels of glucose, insulin, amylase and cholesterol were determined on days 1, 3 and 8, following the initial and repeated daily administrations of ARWE. On day 8, glycogen content and glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the liver were assayed. Results showed that ARWE decreased the serum glucose levels, which had been markedly elevated by the SZ pre-treatment. In support of this, the serum insulin level, which had been quickly lowered by the SZ pre-treatment $(20{\mu}U/ml)$, was quickly elevated in the ARWE dose dependent manner that, at 2.0 g/kg ARWE, the serum insulin level was increased $(20{\mu}U/ml)$ above the normal level $(42{\mu}U/ml)$. Also, the serum amylase level, which was steadily decreasing after the SZ pre-treatment, was restored to the normal level folowing 8 day of ARWE (2.0 g/kg) treatment. Hepatic glycogen content and glucose-6-phosphatase activity, which decreased and increased, respectively in the 52 treatment group, were restored toward the normal level in SZ plus ARWE group.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.394-406
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• 2006

Backgrounds and Objectives: Asthma is considered to be an inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and Pulmonary eosinophilia. And it is known the structure and function of IL-5, its receptor and the mechnism IL-5 triggered eosinophil accumulation and inflammaion of the airways. At this point of view, we assume which oriental materia medics can the splenocyte inhibit from secreting the IL-S in vitro. Material and Methosds: We used the splenocyte of mouse 8 weeks after its birth, and then cnltivated those into the 2 experimental groups and control group for 48 hours. The culture medium of experimental groups were made of $1{\mu}g/ml,\;10{\mu}g/ml$, oriental materia medics, representative. And the culture media of control group was given no oriental materia medica. Then, we assayed the quantity of cytokine-expression by the Sandwich ELISA. The quantifies of cytokine-expression of the experimental groups were compared with that of the control group which was standardized These method were used for the all of oriental materia medica treated. Results: In this study, we demonstrated that 12 oriental materia medica that inhibit the splenocyte from secreting the IL-5 in both $1{\mu}g/ml,\;and\;10{\mu}g/ml$ culture media. Those were Equiseti Herbs, Sophorae Subprostratae Radix, Moutan Radicis Cortex. Trichosanthis Radix, Buddleiae Flos. Cyperi Rhizoma. Benincasae Semen, Armeniacae Semen. Zedoariae Rhizoma, Astragali Semen, Dolichoris Semen. Lilii Bulbus, Asparagi Radix, Atractylodes Rhizoma White, Polygonati Officinallis Rhizoma. Conculusions: These findinga indicate that some oriental materia medica, specially Antipyretics, Herbs for Resolving Phlegm, Relieving Cough and Calming Wheezing and Herbs for Tonifring and Invigorating effects inhibit the splenocyte from secreting the IL-5. And further study experimented in vivo is needed for treating IL-5-driven inflammatory disease including asthma.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.79-89
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• 2019

Objective : This study investigated the anti-diabetic effects of DM1, a herbal mixture with Atractylodis Rhizoma, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, and Cinnamomi Cortex in high fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice and the mechanism in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. Methods : The C57B/6 mice were fed high fat for 12 weeks, and then administrated DM1 extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) for 4 weeks. The changes of body weight, calorie and water intakes, fasting blood glucose levels and the serum levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, AST and ALT were measured in mice. The histological changes of liver and pancreas tissues were also observed by H&E stain. C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated into myotubes and then treated with DM1 extract (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/㎖) for 24 hr. The expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC), PGC1α, Sirt1 and NRF1, and the AMPK phosphorylation were determined in the myotubes by western blot, respectively. Results : The DM1 extract administration significantly decreased the calorie and water intakes, glucose, triglyceride, AST and ALT levels and increased insulin and HDL-cholesterol in HFD-induced diabetic mice. DM1 extract inhibited lipid accumulation in liver tissue and improved glucose tolerance. In C2C12 myotubes, DM1 treatment increased the expression of MHC, PGC1α, Sirt-1, NRF-1 and the AMPK phosphorylation. Conclusion : In our results indicate that DM1 can improve diabetic symptoms by decreasing the obesity, glucose tolerance and fatty liver in HFD-induced diabetic mice, and responsible mechanism is might be related with energy enhancement.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1987

In vitro sensitivity testing was performed for 21 kinds putative anticancer drugs selected from references and information. Cellular damage of P815 mastocytoma cells following exposure to water extracts of drugs was evaluated by colony formation assay. Highly effective drugs with more than 50% inhibition of colony formation were seven (Houttuyniae Herba, Sanguisorbae Radix, Nepetae Herba, Manitis Squama, Lonicerae Flos, Amomi Semen, Polyporus), though not more effective than BCNU. According to the results of $^3H-thymidine$ incorporation assay for determination of selective cytotoxicity, 3 of these drugs (Houttuyniae Herba, Polyporus, Manitis Squama) were found to be low cytotoxic to normal mouse lymphoid cells. These findings suggest that the above 3 drugs may be used for effective anticancer drugs in vivo.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 1987

Natural Killer cells are considerd to play an important role in antitumor immune surveilance mechanism. In this study, 21 putative anticancer drugs selected from reference were assessed by evaluating the effect on rat Natural Killer cell activity (NKCA). All 21 herb drugs were extracted in boiling water, lyophilized, autoclaved, and then used for experiment. Culture supernatant of concanavalin-A (Con-A)-stimulated rat spleen cells as a source of lymphokine was also used as a control of comparison. Rat spleen cells were used as effector and NKCA was measured in 4hr $^{51}Cr-release$ assay against Yac-1 mouse lymphoma cell line. In order to determine the optimal conditions for NKCA augmentation, effector cells were treated with 3 different concentrations of each drug for 24, or 48 hrs before testing of NKCA, In optimal conditions determined from previous results, the effect of herb drugs on NKCA were assessed in 3 to 5experiments. NKCA was significantly enhanced by treatment with 4 herb drugs(Ponciri Fructus, Houttuyniae Herba, Aurantii Pericarpium, Nepetae Herba). Culture supernatant of Con-A-stimulated spleen cells also augmented the rat NKCA more significantly. The results show that 4 of the herb medicines supposed to display anticancer effect may have activity as a biological response modifier through augmentation of NKCA.