• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 한국정보통신학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.363-366
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• 2019

Blockchain technology is a new paradigm that will change existing business processes and has a significant impact on all industries, not just on specific industries. The medical industry also expects the impact of blockchain technology to be very significant. I think blockchain technology should be applied in the medical industry because the medical industry has the problem of information asymmetry due to the structural characteristics of a centralized system composed of hospitals. However, no one can be sure that the value of blockchain technology is absolutely right, and absolute trust should be avoided. Blockchain technology provides many limitations to the process in which blockchain technology is applied in the medical industry, as it can be seen as still immature in terms of security and scalability. Therefore, we analyze the application cases of blockchain technology in the medical field, current problems in the medical field, solutions and issues through Blockchain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2003

Among mitigation techniques for electric and magnetic field (EMF) from an overhead transmission line a passive loop is a way that can be cheap and easily installed on the existing towers and have a satisfactory effect as well. However current induced in the passive loop causes transmission power loss and the phase imbalance increases since geometrical asymmetry of the transmission lines becomes larger. So in order to evaluate the power loss and the phase imbalance due to a passive loop, this paper represent a 345[kV] 1-circuit flat type transmission line as asymmetrical 3-phase distributed parameter line model where the effect of a passive loop is embedded in the line parameters, and then formulates differential equations. By solving these equations voltages and currents of each phase at receiving end become known. We find out that power losses occur differently at each phase and positive sequence component decreases at receiving end while negative sequence component increase. In general phase imbalance due to a passive loop is slight, but it increases in proportional to the induced current and length of section where the passive loop is installed. Thus the phase imbalance should be included in terms of cost for introducing a passive loop.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2003

Over the Past decades, the number of Patients seeking orthodontic treatment has increased markedly with socioeconomic development and change of recognition on appearance. The purpose of this study was to provide an epidemiologic data base related to the orthodontic treatment need. We could take an adequate information regarding the characteristics of orthodontic patients, and the changing trends about treatment mordality. Distrubution and treands were Investigated in 676 patients who had been examined and diagnosed at Department of orthodontics, Dental Hospital, Seoul National University from January to June in 1992 and 2002. 1. Sex distribution of patients changed from 1:2.1 to 1:1.5 (male female). 2. In 2002, are distribution had shown $7\~12$ year-old group being the largest$(32.0\%)$ and percentage of $19\~24,\;13\~18,\;over\;25,\;4\~6,\;0\~3$ year-old group were $24.0\%,\;21.6\%,\;14.2\%,\;5.8\%,\;2.4\%$ respctively. Compared with data in 1992, the number of adult patients highly increased. 3. With regard to Angle classification, each percentage of Class I, Class II div 1, Class II div 2, and Class III malocclusion were $25.0\%,\;20.9\%,\;3.4\%,\;and\;48.1\%$ respectively in 2002. 4. Geographic distribution showed that most of the patients visited $(37.0\%)$ lived in northeast of Seoul in 2002. 5. Mandibular prognathism showed the highest percentage in chief complaints. The percentages of crowding and facial asymmetry were $14.2\%\;and\;11.8\%$ in 2002. Patients with facial asymmetry increased significantly. 6. Percentages of patients treated with fixed appliance and orthognathic surgery were $38.0\%\;and\;25.0\%$ in 2002. Patients needed to observe the growth pattern comprised $13.0\%$ with increasing trends. The use of chin cap reduced and the percentage of ortognathic surgery and growth observation increased significantly.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2014

In this study, have researched 'a' index from three sound sources, effects on subject and finding optimal 'a' index, which can improve subject's stability, concentration and productivity. Check the health status of subjects who were selected 5 male and 5 female university students, and the period of this experiment was about two months. It were measured each subject's EEG, HRV and vibra image to analyze transition of stability, concentration, stress and heart beat. The results was measured in an environmental test room of temperature $25[^{\circ}C]$, the relative humidity 50 [%], illuminance 1,000 [lux] and air current speed 0.02[m/sec] with 'a' index of three sound sources which are a=1.106, a=1.749 and a=2.227. Results in a=1.106 compared to before exposure, relative $S{\alpha}$ wave, relative $L{\beta}$ wave and relative $M{\beta}$ wave have been revitalized, asymmetry index, stress and HRV have been decreased. Thus, to increase stability, concentration and productivity, also to decrease stress, changes in sound source of a=1.106 was found to be the most effective.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2010

The bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) is preferred method of surgical correction for mandibular prognathism, retrognathism and asymmetry. This technique performed from primarily an intraoral incision to avoid a scar. After forward movement of the distal segment of the mandible, healing of bone by primary or secondary intention is easily accomplished through large areas of cancellous bony overlap. When rigid fixation is used for the BSSRO, it is possible to open the mouth during the immediate post-operative period because it promotes the healing process. Although this surgical procedure has been well-documented, the incidence of postoperative trigeminal neurosensory disorder in the region of the inferior alveolar nerve and the mental nerve remains one of the major complication. However, evaluation of objective methods for sensory recovery patterns is insufficient although most patients find their sensory return. Neurometer electrodiagnostic device performs automated neuroselective sensory nerve conduction threshold evaluation by determining current perception threshold (CPT) measures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensory recovery patterns of inferior alveolar and mental nerve over time. Nerve examination with a neurometer was performed in 30 patients undergoing the BSSRO at pre-operative, post-operative 1-, 2-, 4- week, and 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- month follow-up visits after the osteotomy to compare the differences of nerve injury and recovery patterns after the BSSRO with or without genioplasty and sensory recovery patterns associated with the kind of nerve fiber.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2015

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to investigate the explanatory power of the Pecking-order theory (the cost of financing increases with asymmetric information) among Korean retail firms from the perspective of debt capacity. According to the Pecking-order theory, a firm's first preference is to use internal funds for its capital needs, its next preference is the issuance of debt, and its last preference is the issuance of equity; this is due to the information asymmetry problem between existing shareholders and investors. However, prior empirical studies, such as Lemmon and Zender (2010), argue that the entire sample test for the Pecking-order theory could be misleading due to the different levels of debt issuance capability of each of the individual firms; in fact, they confirm that the explanatory power of the Pecking-order theory improves after taking into account the differences in debt capacity of the U.S. firms they examined. This paper implements a case study approach among Korean retail firms to examine the relationship between debt capacity and the explanatory power of the Pecking-order theory in Korea. Research design, data, and methodology - This study uses the sample of public retail firms on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) from the time period of 1990 to 2013. We gather related financial and accounting statements from the financial information firm WISEfn. Credit rating information is provided by the Korea Investor Service. We employ the models of Lemmon and Zender (2010) and Son and Kim (2013) to measure a firm's debt capacity. Their logit models use the rating dummy variable as a dependent variable and incorporate other firm characteristics as independent variables to estimate debt capacity. To test the Pecking-order theory, we adopt variants of the financing deficit model of Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999). In the test of the Pecking-order theory, we consider all of the changes in total debt obligations, current debt obligations, and long-term debt obligations. Results - Our main contribution to the literature is our confirmation of the predicted relationship between debt capacity and the explanatory power of the Pecking-order theory among Korean retail firms. The coefficients on financing deficits become greater as a firm's debt capacity improves. This is consistent with the results of Lemmon and Zender (2010). The coefficients on the square of the financing deficits are also negative for the firms in the largest debt capacity group, which is also consistent with the predictions in prior literature. Conclusions - This study takes a case study approach by examining Korean retail firms. We confirm that the Pecking-order theory explains the capital structure of retail firms more appropriately, after taking into account the debt capacity of each firm. This result suggests the importance of debt capacity consideration in the testing of the Pecking-order theory. Our result also implies that there has been a potential underestimation of the explanatory power of the Pecking-order theory in existing studies.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.173-197
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• 2015

The development of IT expanded the scale of e-commerce, and grew large Internet shopping malls. As having raised the consumers' interest in overseas direct purchase(ODP) recently, the number and purchasing amount of ODP are constantly increasing. However, consumers need to pay attention to the potential problems which might happen by consumer's damage and conflict, as increasing the consumption through ODP. Because consumer's damages on utilizing ODP happen to the reason such as the trust problem between business and consumer due to the way which traded non face to face, non-compliance of goods delivery, returns, and refunds, and information asymmetry of items, a large number of consumer's damages in a wide range are much more likely to occur nowadays. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of ODP, and propose consumer damage's reduction and policy of the government through pre or post scheme for consumer damage's relief and consumer protection. As the compensation for consumer damages is actually inadequate, this study proposed a feasible alternative to the adoption of e-commerce insurance for both aggressive compensation and protection for consumer's damages and risk transfer and sustainable development of e-commerce.

• Strategy21
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• 통권33호
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• pp.113-147
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• 2014

While China's military rise is an issue of growing importance to regional security, it is worthwhile to note that it is not China's military modernization per se, but its capacity to project and sustain power along and beyond its borders--in particular, the possibility to resolve forcefully its outstanding maritime disputes and various contingencies. This essay argues that China's "anti-access capability"--a U.S.-coined term originally developed for a Taiwan contingency--is equally applicable to other major regional cases such as the Spratly disputes and a North Korean contingency. Furthermore, notwithstanding China's continuos efforts to develop and deploy various types and classes of weapons/platforms, it is the Russian systems and technologies that are most capable and thus likely assigned to the highest mission-critical areas. In assessing China's current and likely future military capability as well as their implications for the region, it is necessary to take note of the following: • There exists asymmetry of military capability between China and its weaker neighbors. While the PLAN is weak in several important aspects, for instance, many of its neighbors' navies are weaker still. • Some have argued that China's foreign policy behavior apparently became more "assertive" in 2009-2013, but it is wiser to keep in mind that China has almost always been assertive and aggressive when it comes to what China defines as "sovereignty and territorial issues" as well as its newest "core interests." • On the South China Sea disputes it is the function of U.S. presence in the theater--in the form of overseas bases and the freedom of navigation--and the PLA's own limitations to project and sustain power for an extended period of time that have largely prevented armed. • While Taiwan remains the idee fixe of China's diplomacy and military, it is and will be a tough nut to crack. China's recent creeping attempts for economic integration with Taiwan should be seen in this context. • China and Japan, the two regional heavyweights and traditional rivals, will likely have a bilateral relationship that is replete with difficulties and tension. China's unilateral announcement of its ADIZ in November 2013 as well as the occasional yet persistent disputes with Japan over the Senkaku/Diaoyudao/Diaoyutai islands are only the latest manifestation of this deeper and difficult relationship. • For Korean security it is imperative to take into account the geostrategic and historical factors. On top of the existing military threats from North Korea, the ROK should be able to employ a) hedging strategy, b) "limited defense sufficiency" strategy, and c) rock-solid relations with the United States.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2000

To understand the variation and transport pattern of suspended matters, salinity, tidal current and suspended matters in semiclosed Muan Bay have been monitored during winter and summer. The suspended matters show considerably seasonal variations with low concentration and homogeneity in the water column during winter season, but with high concentration and layering during summer season. Particularly, during summer season, the freshwater and the suspended matters influxed by the gate operation of the Youngsan River sea-dike are transported northward in accordance with the would flow into the inner-bay by relaxed flood currents after the construction of sea-dike and sea-walls in the Mokpo coastal zone. But, in the south bay-mouth, those matters outflow through the bay-mouth, resulting from tidal ebb dominance and asymmetry in the west bay-mouth. The residual suspended matter flux is much higher in the south bay-mouth(-0.0955kg/m ${\cdot}$ sec) than that of west bay-mouth(0.0078kg1m ${\cdot}$ sec). Accordingly, The Muan Bay is interpreted as erosion-dominated environments, and the erosion somewhat progresses in the intertidal flat of the bay.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.123-140
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• 2016

This study investigates whether tax subsidy is associated with the information effect of future earnings (Future Earnings Response Coefficient, hereafter 'FERC'). Prior studies related with tax subsidy suggest that high- tax subsidy is associated with high-Conservatism. And high-tax subsidy is associated with low-information asymmetry. The hypothesis is tested by using sample firms listed on the Korean Stock Exchange from the year of 2002 to the year of 2009 inclusively. We followed methodology of Tucker and Zarowin (2006). We find that the regression coefficient for tax $subsidy{\times}X_{t3}$ shows a significant positive sign. Also, we performed additional test after controlling for variables related with FERC. The regression coefficient for tax $subsidy{\times}X_{t3}$ is consistent with main results. This result means that the changes in the current stock price of higher-tax subsidy contain more information about their future earnings than the changes in the stock price of lower-abnormal audit hours. The evidence suggests that investors positively understand high-tax subsidy.