• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.571-583
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamic properties of causality and asymmetric price transmission in the distributional channel of the tomato market in Korea. Using the wholesale and retail price series of the tomato market, we obtain the following results. First, the price transmission mechanism reveals the causal relationship channeling from the wholesale price to the retail price. Second, we find an asymmetric price transmission from the analysis using the threshold partial adjustment model. The retail price responds strongly when the wholesale price increases. On the other hand, the retail price shows sluggish adjustment when the wholesale price decreases.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.377-383
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• 2012

변화되는 위 측면 기울기를 가진 비대칭 사다리꼴 핀의 온도분포가 2차원 해석적 방법을 사용하여 조사되어 진다. 이 비대칭 핀을 위해, 내부유체로부터 내벽까지의 대류, 내벽으로부터 핀 바닥까지의 전도, 그리고 핀 바닥을 통한 전도가 동시에 고려된다. 무차원 핀 길이와 높이좌표 변화에 따른 온도 형상이 보여진다. 또한 핀 아래 끝에서 온도 변화가 핀 형상계수의 함수로 나타내어진다. 핀 길이의 변화에 따라 핀 바닥을 통한 열손실과 각 면으로부터의 열손실들이 비교된다. 결과들 중 하나는 핀형상계수가 증가함에 따라 핀 아래 끝에서 온도는 선형적으로 감소함을 보여준다.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제3권6호
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• pp.583-589
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• 2019

We report experimental results on 940-nm 350-mW AlGaAs/InGaAs transverse single-mode laser diodes (LDs) adopting graded-index separate confinement heterostructures (GRIN-SCH) and p,n-clad asymmetric structures, with improved temperature and small-divergence beam characteristics under high-output-power operation, for a three-dimensional (3D) motion-recognition sensor. The GRIN-SCH design provides good carrier confinement and prevents current leakage by adding a grading layer between cladding and waveguide layers. The asymmetric design, which differs in refractive-index distribution of p-n cladding layers, reduces the divergence angle at high-power operation and widens the transverse mode distribution to decrease the power density around emission facets. At an optical power of 350 mW under continuous-wave (CW) operation, Gaussian narrow far-field patterns (FFP) are measured with the full width at half maximum vertical divergence angle to be 18 degrees. A threshold current (I_th) of 65 mA, slope efficiency (SE) of 0.98 mW/mA, and operating current (I_op) of 400 mA are obtained at room temperature. Also, we could achieve catastrophic optical damage (COD) of 850 mW and long-term reliability of 60℃ with a TO-56 package.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.885-890
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• 2014

비대칭 이중게이트(double gate; DG) MOSFET의 문턱전압이하 스윙의 게이트 산화막 두께에 대한 변화를 고찰하였으며 이를 위하여 포아송방정식의 해석학적 전위분포를 구하였다. 특히 포아송방정식을 풀 때 도핑분포함수에 가우시안 함수를 적용함으로써 보다 실험값에 가깝게 해석하였다. 비대칭 DGMOSFET 소자는 대칭적 구조를 갖는 DGMOSFET와 달리 4단자 소자로서 상단과 하단의 게이트 산화막 두께 및 인가전압을 달리 설정할 수 있다. 비대칭 DGMOSFET의 문턱전압이하 스윙을 상 하단 게이트 산화막 두께 변화에 따라 관찰한 결과, 게이트 산화막 두께에 따라 문턱전압이하 스윙은 크게 변화하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 상 하단 게이트 산화막 두께가 증가할 때 문턱전압이하 스윙 값도 증가하였으며 상단 게이트 산화막 두께의 변화가 문턱전압이하 스윙 값에 더욱 큰 영향을 미치고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.59-78
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• 2010

This paper tries to apply the asymmetrical price transmission(APT) behavior observed in the agricultural industry to supply chains of the domestic fishery industry by a statistical manner. The fore mentioned asymmetrical price transmission refers to when price movements in the later stage of the supply chain do not move in a normal or symmetrical manner corresponding to price movements in the earlier stage of the supply chain. Therefore, when the earlier stage price increase and the later stage price increases to a larger degree, it is called positive(+) asymmetry and the opposite behavior is called negative(-) asymmetry. The study examines the data from domestic producers of three fresh fish types, hairtail, mackerel, and cuttlefish, and tries to examine the price asymmetry between the producer or farm, wholesaler, and retail prices via an APT test utilizing unit root, cointegration, and error correction model. The study found, hairtail wholesale and retail pricing bas a negative asymmetric relationship while mackerel has a negative asymmetric pricing relationship at the producer and retail levels of the supply chain. In the case of cuttlefish, all levels of the supply chain showed negative asymmetrical behavior in the supply chain price transmission, meaning the earlier stage price changes are more rapidly and greatly inputted in the later stage of the supply chain pricing. We believe that the reason why the analysis results show negative price asymmetry is due to the uniqueness of fishery products having an important variable such as freshness. If price increases are greater and quicker than price decreases, then consumer demand, which is sensitive to price increases will decrease and subsequently result in the increase of inventory levels, reducing profits for retailers. Also, frozen hairtail, mackerel, and cuttlefish will act as substitute goods to fresh fishery products. Therefore, fresh fishery products have a high demand of price elasticity. When prices increase, demand quickly decreases. Therefore the profit of wholesalers and retailers to decrease, I think this is the main reason of APT in the supply chain of Korea' s fisheries industry.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.401-406
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 비대칭 이중게이트(double gate; DG) MOSFET의 채널길이에 대한 문턱전압이하 스윙의 변화에 대하여 분석하였다. 문턱전압이하 스윙은 트랜지스터의 디지털특성을 결정하는 중요한 요소로서 채널길이가 감소하면 특성이 저하되는 문제가 나타나고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 개발된 DGMOSFET의 문턱전압이하 스윙의 채널길이에 대한 변화를 채널두께, 산화막두께, 상하단 게이트 전압 및 도핑농도 등에 따라 조사하고자 한다. 특히 하단 게이트 구조를 상단과 달리 제작할 수 있는 비대칭 DGMOSFET에 대하여 문턱전압이하 스윙을 분석함으로써 하단 게이트 전압 및 하단 산화막 두께 등에 대하여 자세히 관찰하였다. 문턱전압이하 스윙의 해석학적 모델을 구하기 위하여 포아송방정식에서 해석학적 전위분포모델을 유도하였으며 도핑분포함수는 가우스분포함수를 사용하였다. 결과적으로 문턱전압이하 스윙은 상하단 게이트 전압 및 채널도핑농도 그리고 채널의 크기에 매우 민감하게 변화하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.755-758
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 대칭 및 비대칭 산화막 구조를 가진 이중게이트(double gate; DG) MOSFET의 문턱전압 변화에 대하여 분석하였다. 상하단 동일한 산화막 두께을 갖는 대칭 DGMOSFET와 달리 비대칭 DGMOSFET는 상하단 게이트 산화막 두께를 다르게 제작할 수 있다. 그러므로 비대칭 DGMOSFET에서 상단과 하단게이트 산화막 두께의 크기 변화에 따라 대칭 DGMOSFET와 문턱전압을 비교하여 상하단 게이트 산화막 두께의 최적값에 대하여 고찰하고자 한다. 문턱전압을 구하기 위하여 포아송방정식에서 해석학적 전위분포모델을 유도하였으며 도핑분포함수는 가우스분포함수를 사용하였다. 문턱전압 모델을 이용하여 하단게이트 전압, 채널길이 및 채널두께 등에 따라 상하단게이트 산화막 두께가 문턱전압에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 결과적으로 문턱전압은 상하단 게이트 산화막 두께에 따라 크게 변화하였으며 변화하는 경향은 하단게이트 전압, 채널길이 그리고 채널 두께에 따라 매우 상이하게 나타나고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.417-427
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• 2023

If the center of mass and center of stiffness or strength of a structure plan do not coincide, the structure is considered asymmetric. During an earthquake, in addition to lateral vibration, the structure experiences torsional vibration as well. Lateraltorsional coupling in asymmetric structures in the plan will increase lateral displacement at the ends of the structure plan and, as a result, uneven deformation demand in seismically resistant frames. The demand for displacement in resistant frames depends on the magnitude of transitional displacement to rotational displacement in the plan and the correlation between these two. With regard to the inability to eliminate the asymmetrical condition due to various reasons, such as architectural issues, this study has attempted to use supplemental viscous dampers to decrease the correlation between lateral and torsional acceleration or displacement in the plan. This results in an almost even demand for lateral deformation and acceleration of seismic resistant frames. On this basis, using the concept of Torsional Balance, adequate distribution of viscous dampers for the decrease of this correlation was determined by transferring the "Empirical Center of Balance" (ECB) to the geometrical center of the structure plan and thus obtaining an equal mean square value of displacement and acceleration of the plan edges. This study analyzed stiff and flexible torsional structures with one-way and two-way mass asymmetry in the Opensees software. By implementing the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, the optimum formation of dampers for controlling lateral displacement and acceleration is determined. The results indicate that with the appropriate distribution of viscous dampers, not only does the lateral displacement and acceleration of structure edges decrease but the lateral displacement or acceleration of the structure edges also become equal. It is also observed that the optimized center of viscous dampers for control of displacement and acceleration of structure depends on the amount of mass eccentricity, the ratio of uncoupled torsional-to-lateral frequency, and the amount of supplemental damping ratio. Accordingly, distributions of viscous dampers in the structure plan are presented to control the structure's torsion based on the parameters mentioned.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.396-410
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the distribution and the degree of the asymmetry existed in normal persons and asymmetric patients, and to investigate the changes of asymmetric patients after orthognathic surgery. The analysis was performed with the posteroanterior cephalometric radiography of 60 normal persons and 31 facial asymmetric patients. The results were as follows : 1. The degree of normal asymmetry existed in normal persons was not significant except MF and Me measurements. 2. The degree of normal asymmetry according to sex difference was not significant except cranial base area. 3. When normal persons were compared to asymmetric patients, there were more measurements which presented significant asymmetry on mandible than on maxilla. 4. When postoperative state was compared to preoperative state, the degree of asymmetry were usually decreased except AGO and GA measurements, especially the Cd, MF, Me, and Cd-Me measurements decreased significantly. 5. When postoperative state was compared to normal persons, 4 measurements of mandible approached significantly the measurements of normal persons.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.551-560
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• 2003

Particle deposition in human lungs was investigated theoretically by using asymmetric five-lobe lung model. The volumes of each of the five lobes were different, thereby forming an asymmetric lung structure. The tidal volume and flow rate of each lobe were scaled according to lobar volume. The total and regional deposition with various breathing patterns were calculated by means of tracking volume segments and accounting for particle loss during inhalation and exhalation. The deposition fractions were obtained for each airway generation and lung lobe, and dominant deposition mechanisms were investigated for different size particles. Results show that the tidal volume and flow rate have a characteristic influence on particle deposition. The total deposition fraction increases with an increase in tidal volume for all particle sizes. However, flow rate has dichotomous effects: a higher flow rate results in a sharp increase in deposition for large size particles, but decreases deposition for small size particles. Deposition distribution within the lung shifts proximally with higher flow rate whereas deposition peak shifts to the deeper lung region with larger tidal volume. Deposition fraction in each lobe was proportional to its volume. Among the three main deposition mechanisms, diffusion was dominant for particles < 0.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ whereas sedimentation and impaction were most influential for larger size particles. Impaction was particularly dominant for particles> 8 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. The results may prove to be useful for estimating deposition dose of inhaled pollutant particles at various breathing conditions.