• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.803-816
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to investigate the influences of channel assessments on the usage of multi-channels by product types, and the differences in the usage of multi-channels among product types in buying decision making process for fashion products. Data were collected from 510 consumers in their 20s to 50s with purchasing experiences through multi-channel distribution system and living in Seoul and Kyunggi province; 491 were analyzed after deleting incomplete questionnaires. Factor analysis, multiple regression analysis and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis by using SPSS 18.0. The results were as follows: 5 factors were extracted for channel assessment: utility, accuracy, risk, price benefit and sharing information. Price benefits, utility and sharing information for online channel tended to influence positively on the usage of online channel and online+offline channels. Accuracy and low perceived risk of offline influenced positively on offline and on+offline channel usages. The usage levels of on-line and off-line channels for cosmetics were significantly lower than the usage levels for clothes and accessories on information search, evaluation of alternatives, and purchase stages. Significant differences were also found in the usage levels of multi-channels (on+off-line) on information search and evaluation of alternatives stages. The usage levels of the multi-channels for clothes were the highest followed by those of accessories and cosmetics in order.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.123-142
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• 2009

The present study used multi-faceted Rasch measurement to explore the characteristics and bias patterns of non-native raters when they scored L2 writing tasks. Three raters scored 254 writing tasks written by Korean university students on two topics adapted from the TOEFL Test of Written English (TWE). The written products were assessed using a five-category rating scale (Content, Organization, Language in Use, Grammar, and Mechanics). The raters only showed a difference in severity with regard to rating categories but not in task types. Overall, the raters scored Grammar most harshly and Organization most leniently. The results also indicated several bias patterns of ratings with regard to the rating categories and task types. In rater-task bias interactions, each rater showed recurring bias patterns in their rating between two writing tasks. Analysis of rater-category bias interaction showed that the three raters revealed biased patterns across all the rating categories though they were relatively consistent in their rating. The study has implications for the importance of rater training and task selection in L2 writing assessment.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.320-324
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide methods for assessment of functional balance through study of correlation with the weight bearing ratio, functional balance, and functional gait on patients with stroke. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with stroke participated in this study. The timed up and go test was used to measure balance and the functional ambulation category test to measure functional gait. Weight bearing was measured in the quiet standing posture and weight bearing in the quiet standing posture immediately after performing the standing-task. Results: Both timed up and go test and functional ambulation category test showed significant correlation with balance in the quiet standing posture immediately after performing the standing task. Conclusion: Measurement of balance in the quiet standing posture immediately after performing the standing-task was considered a meaningful scale for measurement of both balance function and gait function of patients with stroke.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 2020

Baseline-category logit random effects models have been used to analyze longitudinal nominal data. The models account for subject-specific variations using random effects. However, the random effects covariance matrix in the models needs to explain subject-specific variations as well as serial correlations for nominal outcomes. In order to satisfy them, the covariance matrix must be heterogeneous and high-dimensional. However, it is difficult to estimate the random effects covariance matrix due to its high dimensionality and positive-definiteness. In this paper, we exploit the modified Cholesky decomposition to estimate the high-dimensional heterogeneous random effects covariance matrix. Bayesian methodology is proposed to estimate parameters of interest. The proposed methods are illustrated with real data from the McKinney Homeless Research Project.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2023

Objective: To validate a simplified ordinal scoring method, referred to as modified length-based grading, for assessing coronary artery calcium (CAC) severity on non-electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated chest computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 120 patients (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 63.1 ± 14.5 years; male, 64) who underwent both non-ECG-gated chest CT and ECG-gated cardiac CT between January 2011 and December 2021. Six radiologists independently assessed CAC severity on chest CT using two scoring methods (visual assessment and modified length-based grading) and categorized the results as none, mild, moderate, or severe. The CAC category on cardiac CT assessed using the Agatston score was used as the reference standard. Agreement among the six observers for CAC category classification was assessed using Fleiss kappa statistics. Agreement between CAC categories on chest CT obtained using either method and the Agatston score categories on cardiac CT was assessed using Cohen's kappa. The time taken to evaluate CAC grading was compared between the observers and two grading methods. Results: For differentiation of the four CAC categories, interobserver agreement was moderate for visual assessment (Fleiss kappa, 0.553 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.496-0.610]) and good for modified length-based grading (Fleiss kappa, 0.695 [95% CI: 0.636-0.754]). The modified length-based grading demonstrated better agreement with the reference standard categorization with cardiac CT than visual assessment (Cohen's kappa, 0.565 [95% CI: 0.511-0.619 for visual assessment vs. 0.695 [95% CI: 0.638-0.752] for modified length-based grading). The overall time for evaluating CAC grading was slightly shorter in visual assessment (mean ± SD, 41.8 ± 38.9 s) than in modified length-based grading (43.5 ± 33.2 s) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The modified length-based grading worked well for evaluating CAC on non-ECG-gated chest CT with better interobserver agreement and agreement with cardiac CT than visual assessment.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.227-239
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to improve the practice of performance assessment in elementary science education and to support it according to the levels teachers' concerns. So this study was conducted by applying CBAM which is based on teachers' concern, which was designed for the investigation of the elementary science teachers' concern, their performance level, intellectual understanding, status of performance. and stage oi awareness and the connections between these factors. The study involved 311 elementary school teachers in the city of Seoul. The result of this study was as follows: First, the stage of teachers’ concerns performance assessment in science marked 49.5％, indicating that about half of the teachers was staying on the informative stage which could be generally occurring in the beginning of performance the curriculum innovation. The level of performance marked 33.8%, which was regarded as the stage of elaboration. For the category of intellectual understanding, most of the teachers didn’t fully understood the performance assessment. Regarding the status performance, 90.4％ of the teachers were implementing the assessment at the state of knowing the purpose of it. However. 40.5% of the teachers didn't fully understand the specific characteristics of the assessment. Also, the results of analyzing the teachers’ awareness on science performance assessment indicated that they have slightly positive positions. Secondly, the result of analyzing the stages of concerns for the assessment, based on the elementary school teachers' personal background, levels of implementation, and their intellectual understanding showed that the concerns were significantly different with the categories of their workplaces(p<.05). Finally, the result of analyzing the relationship among the concerns for the science performance assessment, levels of implementation and intellectual understanding indicated that there were significant differences in levels of implementation with the degree of intellectual understanding (p<.001).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.101-120
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• 2024

Purpose : This study aimed to carry out a scoping review to investigate the research trends in non-pharmacological interventions for physical rehabilitation following breast cancer treatment. Methods : A scoping review was conducted according to the five steps outlined by Arksey and O'Malley and PRISMA-ScR. We searched three domestic databases (ScienceOn, Riss, KCI) and two international databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central) between January 2014 and April 2024. The keywords used were 'breast cancer surgery', 'breast cancer treatment', 'breast cancer lymphedema', 'intervention', 'management', 'therapy', 'disorder', and 'dysfunction'. Results : In terms of publication, the number of studies in the past five years has increased compared to the previous five years, with most studies focusing on patients aged 41 to 60 and who underwent surgical treatment for breast cancer. A total of 43 different types of non-pharmacological interventions were applied: 21 single interventions and 22 combination interventions. Among the intervention methods, complete decongestive treatment (CDT), resistance training, and manual lymphatic drainage were the most frequently utilized. The most common duration of intervention turned out to be 4~5 weeks and more than 8 weeks, with frequencies of 2~3 sessions per week and more than 4 sessions per week. The most frequently used dependent variables included range of motion (ROM) and disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) for the function and disorder of the upper limb category; arm circumference or volume and bio-impedance for the lymphedema category; visual analogue scale (VAS) and numerical rating scale (NRS) for the pain category; and the European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire breast cancer module (EORTC QLQ) and functional assessment of cancer therapy-breast (FACT-B) for the quality of life category. Conclusion : The findings of this scoping review provide valuable mapping data for non-pharmacological interventions for physical rehabilitation following breast cancer treatment. We recommend further research, particularly systematic reviews and meta-analyses, to build upon these findings.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.143-160
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• 2023

This study applied the stream physical habitat assessment system to obtain basic information for river restoration and watershed management in high-gradient and mid-gradient streams in the Naeseongcheon basin. The total length of high-gradient and mid-gradient streams in the Naeseongcheon basin is about 273 km, and as a result of the assessment, it was analyzed that suboptimal reach was about 8.2 km, normal reach was 180.3 km, and marginal reach was 84.7 km. In addition, the physical habitat quality of high-gradient streams was analyzed to be normal condition with an average of 106 points (53%), and in particular, the score of channel/hydraulic category, which is the most important for the habitat of aquatic animals, was analyzed to be normal, close to the limit, with an average of 54 points (45%). The physical habitat quality of mid-gradient streams was found to be in normal condition with an average of 90 points (45%), and the score of channel/hydraulic category was in marginal condition with an average of 39 points (32%). Overall, among 165 reaches of high-gradient and mid-gradient streams in the Naeseongcheon basin, 4 reaches (3%) were evaluated as suboptimal, 119 reaches (72%) were normal, and 42 reaches (25%) were considered marginal. These results showed that the physical habitat of Naeseongcheon was significantly disturbed. Disturbance of stream physical habitat in the Naeseongcheon basin occured due to farmland around stream, urbanization, reservoir construction, and river maintenance.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2012

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to develop the constipation assessment tool for identifying their bowel movement patterns, and to provide basic information for the assessment and intervention protocol on constipation for patients with terminal cancers. Methods: The study followed the steps: the first step was to build a conceptual framework based on literature review; the second step was to develop a tentative instrument by analyzing the conceptual framework and existing instruments; the third step was to test content validity and reliability; and the final step was to apply the tool to patients with terminal cancers (N=112). Results: The constipation assessment tool was consisted of total nine items; under the categories of subjective and objective data for diagnosis had 4 items, and under the initial assessment category which includes stool type, physical examination, and abdomen X-ray had 5 items. Conclusion: The constipation assessment tool developed in this study is very easy to use and useful in nursing practice, especially in hospice and palliative care setting. Particularly this tool has items on patient assessment which would be considered as an evidence for choosing nursing interventions. Based on the constipation assessment tool, the development and application of intervention protocol on constipation for patients with terminal cancers is warranted in future research.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-59
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• 2007

The operating tasks of overhead crane have caused undue stress to the operators from physical, mental, and environmental workload. Existing workload assessment models for musculoskeletal disorders such as OWAS, RULA, and QEC have limited applicability to the crane operating tasks because they focus mainly on physical factors and do not consider the relative importance of each factor. The present study was to develop a workload assessment model customized to overhead crane operation, following a systematic process: (1) analyzing task characteristics, (2) selecting workload factors, (3) developing assessment methods, (4) establishing action levels, and (5) computerizing the assessment model. Based on literature review, worksite survey, and focus group interview, 4 physical factors (awkward posture, static posture, repetitive motion, and excessive force), 6 mental factors (visual demand, auditory demand, task complexity and difficulty, time urgency, work schedule related stress, and safety related stress), and 4 environmental factors (noise, vibration, dust, and temperature) were selected and their rating scales and relative weights were determined. Then, based on the workload assessment results of 8 overhead cranes operated at different workplaces, the action levels of each factor category were established. Finally, the crane operation assessment model was computerized for effective analysis and report preparation. The present approach is applicable to develop a customized workload assessment model for an operating task under consideration.