• 토지주택연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.77-87
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• 2019

In Korea, the modular construction method was applied to the construction of facilities such as military barracks and school dormitories, beginning with the pilot project of Seoul New Elementary School in 2003. In 2017, public modular houses were supplied to Busan(Yongho-dong) and Seoul(Gayang-dong), and modular housing is expected to continue to be supplied in the future. However, there is no clear construction standard for the modular housing construction yet, and there are few cases where the infill modular system is applied. Therefore, this study established the work breakdown structure and proposed a standard process focusing on the infill modular system applied to the construction of Dujeong-dong modular house in Cheonan. Level 1 of the work breakdown structure by construction stage of Infill modular was defined as modular manufacturing, assembly, and finishing process. Level 2 was defined as preparation, modular production, modular infill, modular fixing, floor plastering, building finishing, and other site finishing. Level 3 is defined as 57 detailed unit work of infill modular construction. The standard process of infill modular is proposed for the assembly stage that is commonly applicable to infill modular housing construction. The results of this study can be used for the process plan, transportation plan, lifting plan of modular housing construction.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.121-127
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• 2004

The${\beta}$-glucosidases occur widely in all living organisms and has in general a tendency to form oligomers of varying numbers of subunits or aggregates, although the functional implications of such diverse oligomerization schemes remain unclear. In particular, the assembly mode of the oat ${\beta}$-glucosidase is very unique in that it multimerizes by linear stacking of a hexameric building block to form long fibrillar multimers. Some structural proteins such as actin and tubulin assemble into long fibrils in a helical fashion and several enzymes such as GroEL and Pyrodictium ATPase functional complexes, 20S proteasome of the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum, and lutamine synthetase fromblue-green algae, assemble into discrete oligomers upto 4 stacked rings to maintain their enzymatic activities. In particular, oat ${\beta}$-glucosidase exists in vivo as a discrete long fibrillar multimer assembly that is a novel structure for enzyme protein. It is assembled by linear stacking of hollow trimeric units. The fibril has a long central tunnel connecting to the outer medium via regularly distributed side fenestrations. The enzyme active sites are located within the central tunnel and multimerization increases enzyme affinity to the substrates and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. Although it is suggested that oligomerization may contribute to the enzyme stability and catalytic efficiency of ${\beta}$-glycosidases, the functional implications of such diverse oligomerization schemes remain unclear so far.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.217-232
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• 2019

Modular steel buildings consist of prefabricated room-sized structural units that are manufactured offsite and installed onsite. The inter-module connections must fulfill the assembly construction requirements and soundly transfer the external loads. This work proposes an innovative assembled connection suitable for modular buildings with concrete-filled steel tube columns. The connection uses pretensioned strands and plugin bars to vertically connect the adjacent modular columns. The moment-transferring performance of this inter-module connection was studied through monotonic and cyclic loading tests. The results showed that because of the assembly construction, the connected sections were separated under lateral bending, and the prestressed inter-module connection performed as a weak semirigid connection. The moment strength at the early loading stage originated primarily from the contact bonding mechanism with the infilled concrete, and the postyield strength depended mainly on the tensioned strands. The connection displayed a self-centering-like behavior that the induced deformation was reversed during unloading. The energy dissipation originated primarily from frictional slipping of the plugin bars and steel strands. The moment transferring ability was closely related to the section dimension and the arrangements of the plugin bars and steel strands. A simplified strength calculation and evaluation method was also proposed, and the effectiveness was validated with the test data.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2006

Predicting energy expenditure (EE) is important to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The problem to predict EE is that the standard of EE is based on western data. The authors checked average EE by job categories to provide basic data for suggesting proper work intensity for Korean workers. This study was conducted from 2003 to 2005. Study subjects were recruited from 4 car parts assembly plant, 2 car assembly plant, 2 Heavy machine manufacturing plant and 2 shipyards. Total study subjects were 515 male workers. To estimate VO2max, sub-maximal test was conducted to measure VO275%max by bicycle ergometer (Combi Co, Aerobike 75XL II). Heartbeats were recorded with heartbeat recorder (Polar Electro Co, Finland, S810) during work. EE of work was calculated by recorded heartbeat and individual regression equation which was derived from sub-maximal test. Subjects were classified into 4 industry and 8 work posture, 23 job task categories. Mean EEs (S.D.) according to industry classification (kcal/min) were 4.9 (0.7), 4.8 (0.7), 4.9 (0.7), 5.0 (0.9), and 4.0 (0.5) for Car Part manufacture, Car Assembly, Ship Building, Heavy Machinery Manufacture, and Hospital Office, respectively. The results suggest that Korean male workers of exceeding to the NIOSH criteria will be needed to plan for job rescheduling to maintain $worker^{\circ}$Øs health. Further study to establish Korean work intensity standard would be needed.

• 생체재료학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.290-302
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• 2018

Background: The main purpose of drug delivery systems is to deliver the drugs at the appropriate concentration to the precise target site. Recently, the application of a thin film in the field of drug delivery has gained increasing interest because of its ability to safely load drugs and to release the drug in a controlled manner, which improves drug efficacy. Drug loading by the thin film can be done in various ways, depending on type of the drug, the area of exposure, and the purpose of drug delivery. Main text: This review summarizes the various methods used for preparing thin films with drugs via Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. Furthermore, additional functionalities of thin films using surface modification in drug delivery are briefly discussed. There are three types of methods for preparing a drug-carrying multilayered film using LbL assembly. First methods include approaches for direct loading of the drug into the pre-fabricated multilayer film. Second methods are preparing thin films using drugs as building blocks. Thirdly, the drugs are incorporated in the cargo so that the cargo itself can be used as the materials of the film. Conclusion: The appropriate designs of the drug-loaded film were produced in consideration of the release amounts and site of the desired drug. Furthermore, additional surface modification using the LbL technique enabled the preparation of effective drug delivery carriers with improved targeting effect. Therefore, the multilayer thin films fabricated by the LbL technique are a promising candidate for an ideal drug delivery system and the development possibilities of this technology are infinite.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2022

우주발사체는 가장 거대한 시스템 중의 하나로, 이처럼 장대한 발사체를 발사운용시 안전하고 신속하게 발사대로 이송하고 발사자세인 수직상태로 전환하는 것은 매우 중요한 요소이다. 이에따라, 발사체를 전기체로 총조립하고 발사대에서 발사자세인 수직자세로 만들기위한 과정은 매우 정밀한 운용방법, 절차 및 관련장치들을 필요로 한다. 이러한 이송 기립 운용 개념은 세계 각국의 우주 발사체 개발 과정 중 각각의 요구조건 및 당시의 기술수준에 맞도록 발전되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 세계 발사체들의 이송 기립 운용 개념을 소개하고 한국의 나로호 및 누리호의 운용개념에 대해 소개한다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 기업 온톨로지(EO: Enterprise Ontology)를 기반으로 한 조선소 건조 공정의 표현 및 분석 사례를 기술한다. 조선소 건조 공정은 가공, 조립, 탑재, 진수, 시운전, 명명, 인도의 과정을 거친다. 본 논문에서는 그 중 가공공정과 조립공정의 배관설계 업무를 표현하고 분석하였다. 우선, 조선 가공공정과 조립공정의 배관설계 업무를 대상으로 온톨로지를 구축하고 기존의 기업 온톨로지와 병합(Merge)하여 조선소 건조 공정에서의 기업 온톨로지를 생성하였다. 병합된 온톨로지와 프로테제의 플러그인을 활용하여 각 프로세스를 표현할 수 있었고 건조공정의 현재 상태를 분석하고 프로세스상의 여러 요소들 간의 의존성도 분석할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 조선과 같은 복잡한 프로세스를 가지는 산업에서도 기업 경영과 프로세스 관리에 기업 온톨로지가 유용함을 검증하였다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2014년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.78-80
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• 2014

Silicone structural glazing (SSG) is a method utilizing a silicone adhesive to attach glass, metal, or other panel material to the structure of a building. Windload and other impact loads on the facade are transferred from the glass or panel through the silicone structural sealant to the systems' framework. Silicone structural glazing systems are currently a very common method of glazing throughout the world. Locally, structural silicone glazing has become very common to achieve aesthetically pleasing and high utilization of small land for both residential and commercial building. Although structural silicone glazing has been utilized for approximately thirty years in Korea, the understanding of its technology was low and limited. Consequently, Korean projects experienced many quality issues during assembly and construction, even in very recently finished buildings. Adhesion loss and water infiltration occurred on more than one project, and the time and cost to repair these issues were substantial. In general, there are two kinds of structural silicones depending on fabrication methods. 1part structural silicone is for site glazing system and 2part structural silicone is for unitized factory glazing system. In this paper, 2part structural silicone which is very common for factory fabricating curtainwall systems was evaluated with regards to various mixing ratio. Since the structural performance of 2part sealant can be affected by mixing ratios, some extra ranges of recommended mixing ratio were evaluated to see any performance differences. Besides on cure profile, comparative evaluations for mechanical properties and adhesion develop on common building substrates were conducted.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 모듈러 건축 프로젝트를 수행하는데 발생할 수 있는 위험요인을 도출하고, 해외 선진사례 분석을 통해 도출한 관리요소를 벤치마킹함으로써 국내 적용 가능한 모듈러 건축 시공 프로세스를 제안하는 것이다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위해 해외 대표적인 모듈러 건축 사례인 미국 애틀랜틱 야드 B2 프로젝트를 분석하고 내용분석법을 통해 모듈러 건축 시공 단계에서 발생할 수 있는 위험요인을 도출하였다. 본 연구결과인 모듈러 건축 시공 프로세스를 기반으로 모듈러 건축 설계, 제작 단계부터 시공 단계에 발생되는 위험요인을 고려하여 관리한다면, 시공 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 잠재적인 위험요인을 사전에 방지하고, 시행착오를 줄여 모듈러 건축 시공성도 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 모듈러 건축 프로젝트를 효율적으로 관리함으로써 모듈러 공법의 장점인 공기 단축 및 공사비 절감을 실현하고, 결과적으로 시공품질을 확보하여 모듈러 건축 활성화에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2013

This study attempted to explore the MC design methods of modular construction using discontinuous double module grids and further, the design methods of walls. Modular construction is generally characterized with multiple units called modules with a module dimension of 3M(300mm) appearing in the form of double grids. The discontinuous double grids including correction values and gap values occurs inevitably in the modular construction where units are joined horizontally. Therefore, it is desirable to carry out the MC design taking into account these discontinuous double grids. In this study, the MC design was applied to the plane of wooden houses in modular construction, going through a process of setting the size of pillars and inside dimensions, of determining the dimension of discontinuous double grids that occur during the assembly of units, and of setting the dimension of outer walls in conjunction with the derived dimensions. The dimension of outer walls was applied differently depending on the range of regional use by analyzing the energy performance with the materials used. Consequently, the materials and components of factory-produced buildings can be used directly without processing, and the suitability of the outer wall design can be pre-determined by previewing the calculation of the cross-sectional configuration and heat transmission coefficients of outer walls in modular construction, allowing to be used as a decision-making tool of design.