• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1641-1656
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• 2019

The present paper reviews the findings of different research studies on the effect of natural ingredients in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) diet on carcass characteristics and meat quality. The results show a relationship between the type and concentration of ingredients used in diets and carcass characteristics and meat quality. The inclusion of medicinal herbs (thyme, black seed, and mint), plants (canola), seeds (chickpea), spices (cinnamon and coriander), worms (earthworms), bee products (propolis), phytochemicals (lycopene), and edible fungi (common mushrooms) in the diet improved carcass quality characteristics compared to the control diets (basal diets). The inclusion of medicinal herbs (spearmint and green tea), spices (cinnamon), vegetables (tomato), plants (verbena and canola), seeds (marijuana), and edible fungi (oyster mushrooms) improved meat quality. In conclusion, the use of ingredients of natural origin in the diet of Japanese quail improves carcass quality characteristics and meat quality.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.127-166
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• 2014

Moniligastrids are an important yet often ignored earthworm group commonly found in cultivated soils, especially paddy, in the tropical East. Seven new taxa are: Drawida koreana austri, D. koreana nanjiro, D. koreana shindo, D. odaesan, D. jeombongsan, D. companio and D. csuzdii Blakemore spp. or sub-spp. nov. from Korea. Drawida csuzdii is the first new species from North Korea since Lumbricidae Eisenia koreana (Zicsi, 1972). Historical East Asian moniligastrids are reviewed chronologically and Drawida barwelli (Beddard, 1886), D. japonica (Michaelsen, 1892) and D. siemsseni Michaelsen, 1910 are compared on their museum types. These three taxa were thought similar and related to D. nepalensis Michaelsen, 1907 and its possible synonym D. burchardi Michaelsen, 1903 (priority!) and both of these to prior D. uniqua (Bourne, 1887). Indian Drawida calebi Gates, 1945 is compared to new material of D. japonica from Japan, and D. willsi Michaelsen, 1907 to the new sub-species of D. koreana Kobayashi, 1938 from Korea. Where available, mtDNA COI gene barcodes are provided to help objective determinations and a phylogram is provided with outgroup Ocnerodrilidae Eukerria saltensis (Beddard, 1895) itself found in rice paddy/irrigation. The challenge now is comparison of all early taxa in their various homelands in order to assess the genetic variability and taxonomic boundaries acceptable, especially for unpigmented D. barwelli and also for pink/grey D. japonica and blue/grey D. koreana. A checklist of moniligastrids is appended showing 22 species from China (including Hainan and Taiwan), 21 from Korea, nine from Japan and the Drawida ghilarovi Gates, 1969 species-complex from far eastern Russian (Siberia). Recent Drawida dandongensis Zhang & Sun, 2014 from Sino-Korean border is misdescribed and cannot be meaningfully compared to any other Drawidas.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

Effective sampling method and distribution of earthworms in turfgrasses of golf courses were investigated at 10 Korean golf clubs. Tea tree extract was highly effective in extracting Eisenia andrei compared with mustard oil or formalin. 1000-fold diluent of tea tree extract (4 L/$m^2$) was more effective than 500- and 2000-fold. Sampling efficacy of earthworm increased as soil depth decreased. Additional watering after treatment of tea tree extract did not significantly influence the sampling of earthworms. Eight earthworm species in 4 genera were collected from turfgrasses of 10 golf courses with 4 L of 1000-fold diluent of tea tree extract (15% tea saponin)/$m^2$. Among, dominant earthworm was Amynthas heteropodus and collected 147 individuals from 6 golf clubs. Thirteen Drawida japonica was collected from 3 golf clubs and A. hilgendorfi and A. hupeiensis were collected from 2 golf clubs. A. hupeiensis was not collected with 1000-fold diluent of tea tree extract (15% tea saponin)/$m^2$.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Occurrence of earthworms for turfgrass growing seasons and effect of earthworms by some plant extracts and plant oils in golf courses were investigated at the three locations golf courses in Korea 2005 to 2006. There were no differences in monthly occurrence of earthworm except Anseong Benest Golf Club, namely, Anseong Benest Golf Club was highly occurred in July in 2006. Density of earthworm was not different between fairway and rough in Dongrae Benest Golf Club (opened in 1971) while density was higher in rough than fairway in Anseong Benest Golf Club (opened in 1999) and Gapyeong Benest Golf Club (opened in 2000). In case of Gapyeong Benest Golf Club, earthworm density was higher in old courses than recently opened courses. Effect of plant extracts such as mustard oil, wintergreen oil, Quisqualis indica, Daphne genkwa, Pharbitis nil, Zingiber officinale, Xanthium strumarium, and Camellia sinensis on earthworm, mustard oil, wintergreen oil and tea saponin were highly toxic to earthworm, Eisenia andrei. In the pot experiment, 100% of Eisenia andrei was dead at the treatment of 500-fold of aquatic solution of tea saponin (12.4% a.i.).

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 1999

Four major scarab beetles, Ectinohoplia rufipes, Adoretus tenuimaculatus, Exomala orientalis and Popillia quadriguttata were obserbved in golf courses. Morphological characters of adults and larvae, feeding habit, mounds by grubs, and outbreak time were inbestigated. Body lengths of E. rufipes and A. tenuimaculatus were 11.5mm and 9.7-11.3mm, respectively and those of E. orientalis and P. quadriguttata were 8.0-13.5mm and 7.6-12.7mm, respectively. Adult of E. rufipes had a tendency to raise hind legs during the feeding and mating but showed no death feigning. On the contrary, A. tenuimaculatus adult did not raise its hind legs during the feding and showed death feigning and dropped to earth when disturbed. E. orientalis adults were mainly found from the flowers of chestnut trees in the daytime and P. quadriguttata adults were chiefly found from soft leaves of herbaceous plants in golf courses. White grubs of E. rufipes and A. tenuimaculatus did not have longitudinal and transversal seatae on anal part but setae on the raster were hooked. The shape of anal slit was Y-shape in E. rufipes and crescent-shape in A. tenuimaculatus. White grubs of E. orientalis had ten to sixteen longitudinal setae on raster and those of P. quadriguttata had medially two conspicuous rows of six or seven shorter straight setae forming a V. Adults of E. rufipes mainly fed on front part of leaves but those of A. tenuimaculatus fed on hind part of leaves. Mounds by earthworms and white grubs were different depending on species. Earthworm piled up sticky soil around exit hole but E. orientalis adult scattered soil one part of exit hole and A. tenuimaculatus adult scattered soil evenly around exit hole. Outbreak time of E. rufipes and A. tenuimaculatus was early May and that of E. orientalis and P. quadriguttata was late May.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.99-126
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• 2013

Amynthas diffringens (Baird, 1869) is deemed valid yet comparable to A. corticis (Kinberg, 1867) and to A. nipponicus (Beddard, 1893) or A. peregrinus (Fletcher, 1896). Its syntypes tend to more genital markings than usual as shown for variable specimens from Japan, Korea, and Australasia that comply genetically with either of two A. corticis spp. groups. A. diffringens type-locality was UK hothouses yet closest specimens appear in part of A. heteropodus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) (=A. corticis) from Japan. Japanese Amynthas divergens (Michaelsen, 1892) is restored based on its serrate intestinal caeca. Meanwhile, the lectotype of Amynthas pingi (Stephenson, 1925) is deemed a synonym of A. carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) compliant with Kobayashi's (1936) types III & II. Erstwhile A. pingi synonym A. fornicatus (Gates, 1925) is again included, but A. hongkongensis (Michaelsen, 1910) and A. chungkingensis (Chen, 1936) are provisionally retained whilst A. carnosa lichuanensis Wang & Qiu, 2005 is given separate species status. A new Korean taxon is proposed as A. carnosus naribunji sub-sp. nov. and two replacement names are provided: A. zhuya nom. nov. for homonym A. montanus Qiu & Sun, 2012 from Hainan and A. yizhou for A. carnosus sensu Shen et al., 2005 from Taiwan. No attempt is made to fully resolve numerous Japanese synonyms of A. carnosus [eg Ishizuka's (2001) invista, subterranea, subalpina, umbrosa, mutabilis, nubicola, plus A. nonmonticolus Blakemore, 2010] nor Korean synonyms [eg kyamikia Kobayashi, 1934, monstrifera Kobayashi, 1936 and murayamai Kobayashi, 1938, sangyeoli, youngtai (with segments miscounted), kimhaeiensis, sinsiensis and baemsagolensis - all names by Hong & James (2001) plus ?A. sangumburi Hong & Kim, 2002 (its segments miscounted too)] also A. fuscus Qiu & Sun, 2012 from Hainan and Taiwanese monsoonus James et al., 2005 plus A. penpuensis Shen et al., 2003 and A. taiwumontis Shen et al., 2013 syns. nov.. All synonyms remain in the currently defined A. carnosus pending full revisons although several may eventually comply with parts of prior A. corticis s. lato.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.15-54
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• 2013

Surveys on Jeju-do (Quelpart Isl.) unearthed about 40 earthworm species or sub-species. Several considered new to science are described. Only a dozen were previously known and these are taxonomically reviewed. The two most commonly recorded in surveys by S. Kobayashi in the 1930s were Drawida anchingiana Chen, 1933 and Metaphire quelparta (Kobayashi, 1937), neither recently relocated. Morphologically similar taxa, supported with DNA barcodes, for Moniligastridae, are Drawida anchingiana seogwipo, D. anchingiana halla and D. iucn spp. or sub-spp. nov. For Megascolecidae, new taxa and synonyms are: Amynthas arx and A. aucklandis spp. nov. that have seminal grooves rather than the eversible male pores of Metaphire plus Amynthas simplex is another new species. Amynthas sangumburi Hong & Kim, 2002 is recognized as a probable new synonym within the A. corticis (Kinberg, 1867) species-group while Amynthas corticis saeseum sub-sp nov. is described. Amynthas gracilis (Kinberg, 1867) is a new record from Jeju and Korea (with A. bouchei, A. omodeoi and A. edwardsi all by Zhao & Qiu, 2009 possible synonyms of this species group from China) with a Jejuan sub-species, A. gracilis insularum, sub-sp. nov. Presence on Jeju of Amynthas carnosus (Goto & Hatai, 1899) is confirmed (its further new synonyms are Chinese A. fuscus Qiu & Sun, 2012 and A. taiwumontis Shen et al., 2013), as is A. micronarius (Goto & Hatai, 1898) (with new synonym A. montanus Qiu & Sun, 2012 also an invalid secondary homonym). Amynthas phaselus maculosus (Hatai, 1930) is in new combination with A. kamitai (Kobayashi, 1934) and A. minjae Hong, 2001 syns. nov. Two newly described Metaphire quelparta sub-spp are M. q. seogwipo and M. q. valhalla these being supported with DNA barcodes despite the nominal taxon not yet being confirmed.