• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-87
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• 2020

This article not only theoretically explores the necessity and effect of constructive minilateralism and subregionalism in Northeast Asia, but also delves into a series of practical solutions from viewpoint of seeking common ground while reserving differences in this region. The main contents are as follows: First, the various obstacles that hinder the formation of regionalism, subregionalism and minilateralism in the Northeast Asia are discussed. That is to say, geopolitical realism, My Country First ideology, exclusive nationalism in the socio-historical context, and North Korea's latest provocations, etc. Second, this article explores the philosophy and basic principles of realizing Northeast Asia regionalism and minilateralism. Third, in the 21st century, Northeast Asia becomes the center of the world. It examines the core points, controversial focus and platform for building sub regionalism in the region. Finally, based on the institutional platform such as minilateralism and sub regionalism, the various ideas and practical plans of cross-border cooperation among major countries in Northeast Asia were discussed. Because there are a lot of obstacles, so first of all it is more appropriate to promote economic or functional minilateralism or sub regionalism than multilateral cooperation. In order to promote the formation of regionalism and minilateralism in Northeast Asia, the issues to be considered are as follows: First, for the sake of leading regional solidarity and minilateral economic cooperation, it is advisable for China, as a regional economic power, to implement a stable and responsible diplomacy. Secondly, regional solidarity based on credible politics and security should be promoted for a long time beyond the level of economic cooperation. Third, the primary prerequisite for the realization of Northeast Asian regionalism is that in the process of denuclearization of North Korea, the stability and peace mechanism of the Korean Peninsula should be established. Fourth, with the continued hegemonic competition between the United States and China in Northeast Asia, under the circumstance that countries in the region are pushed into so-called "East Asian Paradox", it is profoundly important for them to consider transition from the hostile relationship as the "Thucydides trap" to the order of "coexistence" in which competition and cooperation run side by side, and the two countries should explore a conversion plan for the foreign policy line. This mutual cooperation and peaceful coexistence of the US-China relationship will create a friendly atmosphere for the formation of regionalism in Northeast Asia. In the future, the cooperation of minilateralism in Northeast Asia will break the existing conflict between the maritime forces and the continental forces in order to promote peace. And along with the philosophy that "peace is economy", recent policies of common prosperity as the framework, such as China's "Belt and Road Initiative", North Korea's "Special Zone and Development Zone Policy", Russia's "New Eastern Policy", Japan's participation in the Belt and Road Initiative and South Korea's The "Korean Peninsula New Economy Map" are organically linked and it should promote the so-called "networked regionalism".

• Bulletin of the Korea Photovoltaic Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 2020

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a geographically large but sparsely populated country, rich in natural resources, located in the center of the Eurasian continent. In recent years, it has begun to create a green economy, leading it among its neighbors in Central Asia. Therefore, the country has set a clear goal: by 2030, emissions should be reduced by 15-25% compared to the level of the 90s. As part of the country green economy strategy, in 2013 Kazakhstan adopted the "National Concept for the Transition to the Green Economy until 2050", which sets out the principles of the green economy as a path for future development. The goal is to bring the share of renewable energy in electricity production from zero to 3% by 2020, and then increase it to 30% by 2030 and 50% by 2050. This paper looks at what Kazakhstan has done to promote renewable energy and provider perspectives. The paper also considers Kazakhstani legislation in terms of the development of renewable energy sources and provides information on incentives and preferences for the development of renewable energy sources. Thus, it will be easier for investors to evaluate the implementation of potential projects in Kazakhstan.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2018

The paper aims to investigate the impact of trade cost on export: A Case Study Vietnam. The study conducts a static linear panel data analysis on annual data covering bilateral export between Vietnam and 70 major importers of Vietnam from 2001 to 2013. The gravity model has been one of the most successful applications in empirical trade. In this paper we apply the gravity model to estimate the impact of trade cost on Vietnamese bilateral export value. The paper uses gravity model to estimate the impact of trade cost on Vietnamese bilateral export value. The empirical results derive from a static linear panel data analysis (fixed effects model) indicates that trade cost plays a crucial role in determining the export value that occurs between Vietnam and trading partners. Besides, population of importing country, trade openness of importing country, gross domestic product of importing country and gross domestic product of Vietnam are also significant determinants of Vietnamese bilateral export value. The main findings indicates that trade cost plays a very important role in the Vietnamese bilateral export performance. This suggests that the Vietnamese government should attempt to improve domestic trade costs to enhance competitiveness and increase export growth sustainably.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Purpose - The present research is to investigate the effect of psychological empowerment on turnover intention through job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Research design, data, and methodology - These include turnover intention as dependent variable, psychological empowerment as an independent variable and for mediating variables job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Also nationality of employee is used as a moderating variable. Survey data was collected was total 886 respondents from 345 Korean, 313 Chinese, 228 Japanese. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS to test reliability of variables with Cronbach's alpha and one variable confirmatory factor analysis to test common method bias. And regression analysis was conducted to confirm relationship among variables. AMOS was used for path analysis and to analysis moderating effect of employees' country. Results - The results of regression indicate that psychological empowerment increase job satisfaction, affective commitment, normative commitment and turnover intention. Job satisfaction, affective commitment and normative commitment decrease turnover intention. As for the moderating role of country, it seems that country does matter. Conclusions - Main conclusions of this research implicate that to decrease employee turnover intention company need to manage psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Also there is need to consider similarity and difference in managing employees of Korea, China and Japan employees. Manager need to verify direction and importance of each antecedent then apply to employees.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.28-48
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• 2018

Purpose - This study is to analyze the assessment of forming of a payment balance of the country and its condition. Data array were used the data on the Russian Federation from the 1995-2016, across Great Britain - since the 2004- 2014 and in the retrospective aspect since the 1946. Research design, data, and methodology - The payment balance is a ratio of payment amounts made this country abroad and the receipts received by it from abroad for a certain period; it is the systematic list of all economic transactions performed for a certain period of time between the residents of one country and the nonresidents. The scale of research on Russia: to be analyzed the amount of data from the 1995 by 2016. On Great Britain - the 2004-2014, on South Korea - the 2017. Results - Hypothesis 1. The detailed and simple systematization of balance sheet items increases the efficiency of analytical procedures and the mechanism of public administration. Hypothesis 2. The main of balance sheet items are deficit of Russian Federation scarce which, are generally counterbalanced with gold and foreign exchange reserves. Conclusions - Considering the items of balance of payments of the studied countries in the context with other countries, it can be noted that the dynamics of the main items are closely linked with the main macroeconomic indicators and reflects the main tendency of the state development. The main items of balance sheet of South Korea's are intensive. The relatively stable dynamics in the macroeconomic indicators is observed in Japan and China

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-31
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• 2010

Biotechnology has strategic importance related to the development of start-up companies, industries and nations in the near future. Therefore, many countries have promoted and developed biotechnology. The United States has led the world in promoting biotechnology. American biotechnology policies are diverse, and thus no comprehensive systematic studies have been done on it. In our paper, we will discuss American biotechnology policy in detail. For effective analysis, we will rely on the concept of a national innovation system, which emphasizes the institutional settings of innovation actors and their interaction. This paper deals with the American national innovation system for biotechnology. We will analyze the role of major actors, academia, public research institutes, and venture companies and their interactions. The American biotechnological innovation system is composed of diverse actors and numerous start-up companies in the biotechnology industry. In addition, there are many diverse policy programs for promoting biotechnology. Because of country-specific frame conditions, every country has different institutional settings and policies for promoting biotechnology. Our paper will render meaningful implications for various countries. We also think that this paper will be of interest for international readers.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2018

Purpose - The main target to do this analysis is to find out the competitiveness between 2 countries (China and USA) in the aircraft business industry. The main target about mentioned research is to find out how a certain country takes more advantage against the other partner country in the country's trade structure. Research design, data, and methodology - Mentioned research period ranges from 1995 to 2016. Research basic data are coming from UN COMTRADE database which is top of top in the world statistical data and Research methods are used 3 types of international trade related theory for credible data outcomes. Results - Even though general data about aircraft industry are open to world society, detailed classified data are not easy to get them. Generally, Both China & USA are not easy to obtain data especially, in the overseas production field as a business secret which is one of research limitation in every research scopes. Conclusions - Even though Chinese aircraft industry looks like strong and more advantage against those of other countries based on competitive labor work wages and low price of raw material and resources, Actually, USA has overwhelmingly dominant advantage against that of China in the field of aircraft industry because USA has abundant capitals and up-to-date advanced high-technology as top of world economic communities. Additionally, even if USA aircraft industries hold a dominant position so far, if USA proposes sound competition relationship with China about aircraft industry, both 2 countries' future will be bright as their cooperation will make synergy effects for mutual benefits under current circumstances in 2 countries.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.91-106
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• 2018

An appreciable number of Chinese firms have successfully expanded their businesses into foreign economics although they have limited resources. Advocating that home country government supports can mitigate firms' resource-disadvantages in international expansions, we attempted to investigate whether and how the Chinese government's support enables Chinese firms to compete in foreign markets. Based heavily on the knowledge-based theory of the firm and the resource-based theory of the firm, we developed a model that explain and predicts the effects of home-country government-supports on superior financial performance. The model was empirically tested using a accounting dataset regarding Chinese firms' 323 international expansion events from 2008 to 2015. Empirical evidence presents that the Chinese government's support has a positive effect on Chinese firms' international success and that these firms' marketing, technological, and managerial resources positively moderate the effect of the government support on the firms' international success. Nonetheless, because we employed an event-study method, the limitations of the method can be applied to the current research. In addition, because of the empirical context, the results of the research might lack generalizability. We, however, provided an understanding how firms from emerging countries can succeed in international expansions specifically when they have lack of resources for international competition.

• Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2021

The growing number of threats to society through the uncontrolled distribution of information is forcing library communities in many countries to reconsider their views on free access to collections. Based on the content of numerous documents of international importance, it can be concluded that in any democratic country access to information is one of the most important human rights, along with the right to life, liberty, and security of person. However, the state has the right to restrict citizens' access to information within the framework of existing legislation. Constantly, restrictions on access to information are established in order to protect the ethical foundations of the constitutional order, morality, health, rights, and legitimate interests of others, to ensure the country's defense and state security. It goes without saying that each country has the right to independently decide where the boundaries lie between permitted and prohibited information, including printed information, contained in library collections. This article describes three levels of access restriction: foreign, state, and regional. The authors have analyzed the legal and regulatory documents that govern libraries, as well as the reasons and methods of limitation. A comparative analysis of the restriction of access to information in the countries of Europe and Asia is presented.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.77-91
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• 2020

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examines the effect of corruption pressure in host country on sequential investment. The study further investigates how the information acquisition capacity of MNEs and the political tie in the host country had a moderating effect on the relationship between corruption and sequential investment. Design/methodology/approach - Ordered logistic regression is hired to analyze 1,260 MNEs' sequential investment in Vietnam. Findings - The empirical results of this study demonstrate the more MNEs perceive the strong level of pressure to be corrupt in the local market, the less they are likely to invest. The information acquisition capacity of MNEs has been shown to mitigate the negative effects of corruption pressures on sequential investments, while the moderating effect of political tie in host country is partially supported. Research implications or Originality - This study identified that the corruption pressures of host countries negatively affect not only MNEs that are entering, but also the ones that have already entered host countries; the corruption discourages any sequential investment for existing MNEs. By suggesting two moderating variables, this study will provide managerial implications for MNEs and managers who face corruption pressure in host countries.