• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to gather descriptive data on trauma victims and to observe the general demographic characteristics and clinical profile of trauma victims who were admitted to a regional emergency medical center in the west southern Kyungsangnam-do area. Objects & Method: The study population consisted of 1,909 trauma patients who visited the emergency department of Gyeongsang National University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2004. The medical records were reviewed in a retrospective manner. Demographic data, the mechanism of injury, and clinical information were collected by three professional medical affairs recorders and an emergency physician and a Revised Trauma Score (RTS) and an Injury Severity Score (ISS) were calculated for each patient. Collected data were analyzed with SPSS software version 12.0. Results: Male patients outmembered female patients (M:F=2.54:1), and the mean age of the population was $40.5{\pm}21.4$ years. The mean RTS and ISS were $7.45{\pm}1.11$ and $8.40{\pm}7.44$, respectively. The seventies showed the highest ISS($10.94{\pm}8.66$). The most common mechanism of injury was motor-vehicle accidents (45.57%), followed by falls or slips(28.26%), and other blunt injuries(12.68%). The most frequent causes of death was cerebral herniation due to head injury(68.4%) and irreversible shock(26.3%). Conclusion: The present study clarified the demographic and clinical characteristics of trauma patients in the Kyungsangnam-do area. In the future, prospective clinical data collection is needed for a more sophisticated trauma study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 2012

The edge area with burn severity is known as significant factor that has great effects on the ecosystem recovery. However, there is little study on the edge area and its effects in the South Korea. Thus, this study aimed to analyze immediate responses of vegetation following forest fires due to combined effect of burn severity and edge-interior effect. Burn Severity (BS), or ${\Delta}NBR$ values were computed using satellite images of pre and post-forest fire in Samcheock areas. The burn forest was classified 231 $1-km^2$ girds and these grids were further reclassified into 4 groups by BS type (low BS and high BS areas) and forest areas (edge areas and interior areas). These four groups of grids including low BS-interior (group A), low BS-edge (group B), high BS-interior (group C) and high BS-edge (group D). Post-fire vegetation responses measured with (${\Delta}NDVI$) among four groups were then compared and tested by T-test. The results indicated that group C (${\Delta}NDVI$=0.047) and D (${\Delta}NDVI$ = 0.059) showed considerably greater vegetation regeneration than those of low BS areas including group A (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.039) and group B (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.036). It was also observed that edges areas showed greater vegetation regeneration than interior areas when BS is the same. Group B (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.036) showed greater (${\Delta}NDVI$) values than group A (${\Delta}NDVI$ = -0.039) in low BS condition. Similar relationship is observed between group C and group D in high BS condition. Thus adequate restoration practices for burned areas might need to pay close attention to interior areas with low BS to minimize the secondary damages and to rehabilitate the burned forests.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.223-230
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• 2007

Nowaday, for the promotion of producing forest trees, production of excellent timbers, and build-up of public forest area, it is on the increase of the thinning-forest for artificial forest, natural forest, eco-friendly forest, and the forest for development and improvement of forest resources nationwide. Even though the thinning-forest is applied around 180,000ha every year, the quantity of collected/used products is only 18,000ha $(240,000m^3)$ which is 10% of the whole thinning-forest area. Meanwhile, some reports represent that the left products after thinning-forest might increase the severity of forest fire and the waste of resources. Therefore, this study focused on the analysis of correlation between the accumulated products after thinning-forest and forest fire, and providing a preparation plan for the forest fire.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.251-266
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• 1988

This study was planned in order to investigate coal miners' recognition and attitude toward pneumoconiosis, and its realtionship with related behavior for prevention of pneumoconiosis. Study object was coal miners in Kangneung area, sampled by multistage random proportional sampling. Sample size was 13% of total coal miners in Kangneung area. The results were devided into three parts: (1) descriptive results presented percent distribution, (2) reclassification of knowledge, experiences, and attitude by factor analysis, (3) prediction of health behavior for prevention of pneumoconiosis by discriminant analysis. Knowledge, experiences, and attitude toward pneumoconiosis were classified into nine factors. Knowledge about pneumoconiosis were broken down to two factors and attitude to four factors, and valence, perceived severity were classified into each one factor. According to demographic, socioeconomic characteristics, and factors of knowledge, experiences, attitude about pneumoconiosis, about 62% of behavior of wearing respiratory protector was correctly discriminated. And by the same methods, about 81% of behavior of hospital visit at respiratory symptoms; cough, sputum, chest pain etc. was discriminated correctly.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.2
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• pp.19-34
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to analysis level on family caregiver's burden for the elderly with chronic disease in a rural area and to choose priority care group, thereby facilitating the development of interventions to reduce the caregiver's burden. For this purpose, data were collected by questionaire from June 10 to October 8, 1994. The instruments for data collection were Caregiver Burden Inventory by Novak(1989) and Zarit et al(1982), severity of dementia by Hughes Scales(1982), ADL by Lawton(1971), patients' family caregiving activity by pre-survey and reference review(Lee, 1993 ; Jang, 1990 ; Yoo, 1982). The subjects were 213 family caregiver of elderly with chronic disease in a rural area. The data was analysed by the use of t-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression. The results were as follows ; 1. Total burden was evaluated below average, the mean of family burden was 46.98. By the diagnostic classification, Hypertension was 27.37, DM 32.46, CVA 62.96, Dementia 61.24. 2. Significant variables which were correlated to the family caregiver's burden were the patient's disease diagnosis (F=33.82, p<0.001), severity of dementia(F=30.52, p<0.001), the status of disease management(F=11.53, p<0.001), ADL(F=10.54, p<0.001), PADL(F=7.50, p<0.001), income(F=7.17, p<0.001), caregiver's health status(F=24.53, p<0.001), a view of patient's prognosis (F=22.17, p<0.001), relationship with the patient(F=33.82, p<0.001), the number of hours per day spent on caregiving(F=77.52, p<0.001), level of intimacy of caregiver and patients(F=8.75, p<0.001), level of helping(F=4.90, p<0.01), the frequency of caregiving activity(F=3.80, p<0.01), the number of admission(F=5.54, p<0.01), the length of caregiving(F=4.43, p<0.01), other chronic patient in family(t=2.81, p<0.01), caregiver's job(F=3.11, p<0.01), the duration of illness(F=2.98, p<0.05), caregiver's religion(F=2.93, p<0.05), medical security(F=3.89, p<0.05), caregiving's helper(t=2.42, p<0.05). 3. PADL was the most important predictor to family caregiver burden(R2=0.6611). In addition to this, IADL, caregiver's health status, the length of caregiving. level of intimacy of caregiver and patients, patient's age, the patient's disease diagnosis and patient's job accounted for 76% of family caregiver burden. 4. The criteria of priority care group were as follows ; the mean of family caregiver burden was above 58, above of moderate ADL, the number of hours per day spent on caregiving above of 8 hours, above of moderate dementia. By the diagnostic classification, number of priority care group, Hypertension was 4 (8.0%), DM 4(8.0%), CVA 34(64.1%), Dementia 45(75.0%).

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_2
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• pp.1083-1093
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to detect the burned area change by direct burning of tree canopies and post-fire mortality of trees via analyzing satellite imageries from the Korea multi-purpose satellite-2 and -3 (KOMPSAT-2 and -3) for two large-fires over the Goseong-Sokcho and Gangneung-Donghae regions in April 2019. For each case, the burned area was compared between two dates: the day when the fire occurred and 15-18 days after it. As the results, within these two dates, there was no substantial difference in burned area of sites whose severities were marked as "Extreme", but sites with "High" and "Low" severities showed significant differences in burned area between the two dates. These differences were resulted from the lagged post-fire browning of canopies which was detected by images from in-situ observation,satellite, and the unmanned aerial vehicle. The post-fire browning started after 3-4 days and became apparent after 10-15 days. This study offers information about the timing to quantify the burned area by large fire and about the mechanism of post-fire mortality. Also, the findings can support policy makers in planning the restoration of the damaged areas.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.859-868
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• 2020

Objective: To investigate the value of initial CT quantitative analysis of ground-glass opacity (GGO), consolidation, and total lesion volume and its relationship with clinical features for assessing the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: A total of 84 patients with COVID-19 were retrospectively reviewed from January 23, 2020 to February 19, 2020. Patients were divided into two groups: severe group (n = 23) and non-severe group (n = 61). Clinical symptoms, laboratory data, and CT findings on admission were analyzed. CT quantitative parameters, including GGO, consolidation, total lesion score, percentage GGO, and percentage consolidation (both relative to total lesion volume) were calculated. Relationships between the CT findings and laboratory data were estimated. Finally, a discrimination model was established to assess the severity of COVID-19. Results: Patients in the severe group had higher baseline neutrophil percentage, increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and procalcitonin levels, and lower baseline lymphocyte count and lymphocyte percentage (p < 0.001). The severe group also had higher GGO score (p < 0.001), consolidation score (p < 0.001), total lesion score (p < 0.001), and percentage consolidation (p = 0.002), but had a lower percentage GGO (p = 0.008). These CT quantitative parameters were significantly correlated with laboratory inflammatory marker levels, including neutrophil percentage, lymphocyte count, lymphocyte percentage, hs-CRP level, and procalcitonin level (p < 0.05). The total lesion score demonstrated the best performance when the data cut-off was 8.2%. Furthermore, the area under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were 93.8% (confidence interval [CI]: 86.8-100%), 91.3% (CI: 69.6-100%), and 91.8% (CI: 23.0-98.4%), respectively. Conclusion: CT quantitative parameters showed strong correlations with laboratory inflammatory markers, suggesting that CT quantitative analysis might be an effective and important method for assessing the severity of COVID-19, and may provide additional guidance for planning clinical treatment strategies.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.117-127
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• 2009

Objectives: The primary objective of the study is to analyze the utilization patterns of provincial patients discharged from hospitals located in Seoul area. Methods: For the analysis, the study employed the nationwide data on 'Survey of Injured Patients Discharged from Hospitals' conducted by KCDC (Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The statistical methodology used in the measurement model is a logistic regression model. Results: The study has three major findings. First, compared to other disease groups, the discharged on both 'neoplasm(cancer)' and 'congenital malformation, deformity and chromosomal abnormalities' disease groups are more likely to utilize hospitals in Seoul area. Second, as for 'neoplasm(cancer)' disease group, patients with 'bones and articular cartilage' areas are more likely to utilize hospitals in Seoul area. Finally, Hospitals with more than 1,000 beds was primary factor in selecting Seoul-based hospitals by the discharged in provincial areas. Conclusion: In sum, the study showed that patients in provincial areas are more likely to utilize hospitals located in Seoul area regardless of the severity of their cases. Local authority, therefore, is required to monitor local hospitals on regular basis, as well as support them to establish specialized medical centers by providing human and physical resources.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.107-116
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• 2002

Crash Cushion is a kind of safety facilities on roadside which acts the role of absorbing impact energy when vehicles are driven out of normal route such as Gore area of freeway off ramp. Criteria for severity index considering accident occurrence possibility are needed to have strong effect on installing the facilities. However, present criteria for establishing crash cushion design do not include such processes. Therefore, the paper presents two kinds of study to develop criteria for severity index. First of all, development of accident forecasting model on freeway off ramp is presented. The module is a relationship between accidents and road environment by negative binomial distribution (NB) which is called to reflect very well quality of accidents at Gore of crash cushion installed freeway Secondly, freeway exiting behavior model is developed because the human factor is the most important one. However, many literatures have shown between road environment and accidents which are more quantitative than human factor. The study supposed advanced process steps on actual freeway and analysed correlation between variables and accidents. The criteria for severity index is presented to determine whether to install or not by benefit cost analysis for each module. The standard for severity index will help to determine whether to install the crash cushion or not and to estimate severity for freeway and off ramp.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.11
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• pp.925-932
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• 2021

A drought-flood abrupt alternation event is an overlapping extreme event that is harder to cope with than a single event of drought and flood. It is also expected to have a significant adverse impact on ecosystems as well as industries and agriculture. However, there has not yet been a comprehensive study that characterizes the drought-flood abrupt alternation events in Korea. Therefore, this study employed a standard weighted average precipitation (SWAP) index, which is efficient to analyze not only individual events of drought and flood but also the drought-flood abrupt alternation events considering various time scales. The SWAP standardized the weighted average precipitation (WAP) by adding temporal weights to the precipitation. The SWAP indices were calculated for middle-sized watersheds of the Han River basin using the area average precipitation during 1966 and 2018. The severity K was calculated to represent the relative regional severity considering normal rainfalls, and used to characterize the drought-flood abrupt alternation in the study areas. The results indicated that 20 of the 30 middle-sized watersheds in the Han River basin were confirmed to increase the severity of drought-flood abrupt alternation over time. Considering the frequency and severity of drought-flood abrupt alternation events in each watershed, vulnerable areas and dangerous areas due to drought-flood abrupt alternation were identified, for example, the Upstream Namhan River (#1001).