• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.27-36
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• 2021

At a time when the equitable use of urban parks is gradually emerging as a social issue, this study was initiated to expand the influence of urban parks by improving the quality of park services, thereby resolving areas not covered by urban park services. This study targeted the Hangang Park in Seoul, where the qualitative service of parks shows the greatest difference. The influence relationship between the qualitative services of the park and the user's sphere of influence, which indicates the distribution of park users, was proposed to assess the influence of improvements in the quality of service. As a research method, the top three districts and the bottom three districts were selected through the Han River Park user satisfaction survey conducted from 2017 to 2019, and a qualitative service evaluation was carried out. It was derived using the data acquired in September. Afterward, by performing a spatial autocorrelation analysis on the user's sphere of influence, additional verification of the user's sphere of influence was performed numerically and visually. As a result of the study, the user influence in the top three districts, with high-quality service, was stronger and wider than that of the lower three districts. It was confirmed that the quality of service of the park affects the user influence. This shows that to realize park equity, it is necessary to improve the quality of services through continuous management and improvement of individual parks and the creation of new parks. This study has significance in that it recognizes the limitations of research on park services from a supplier's point of view and evaluates the qualitative services of parks from the perspective of actual park users. We propose an alternative to deal with the lower the park deprivation index.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.165-204
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• 2022

This study organized data from 2000 to 2014 for 20 grid-connected countries in Europe and analyzed the determinants of carbon emissions through the panel GLS method considering the problem of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. At the same time, the effect of introducing ETS was considered by dividing the sample period as of 2005 when the European emission trading system was introduced. Carbon emissions from individual countries were used as dependent variables, and proportion of generation by each source, power self-sufficiency ratio of neighboring countries, power production from resource-holding countries, concentration of power sources, total energy consumption per capita in the industrial sector, tax of electricity, net electricity export per capita, and size of national territory per capita. According to the estimation results, the proportion of nuclear power and renewable energy generation, concentration of power sources, and size of the national territory area per capita had a negative (-) effect on carbon emissions both before and after 2005. On the other hand, the proportion of coal power generation, the power supply and demand rate of neighboring countries, the power production of resource-holding countries, and the total energy consumption per capita in the industrial sector were found to have a positive (+) effect on carbon emissions. In addition, the proportion of gas generation had a negative (-) effect on carbon emissions, and tax of electricity were found to have a positive (+) effect. However, all of these were only significant before 2005. It was found that net electricity export per capita had a negative (-) effect on carbon emissions only after 2005. The results of this study suggest macroscopic strategies to reduce carbon emissions to green growth, suggesting mid- to long-term power mix optimization measures considering the electricity trade market and their role.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 2023

ESG management is becoming a necessity of the times, but there are about 600 ESG evaluation indicators worldwide, causing confusion in the market as different ESG ratings were assigned to individual companies according to evaluation agencies. In addition, since the method of applying ESG was not disclosed, there were not many ways for companies that wanted to introduce ESG management to get help. Accordingly, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced the K-ESG guideline jointly with the ministries. In previous studies, there were few studies on the comparison of evaluation grades by ESG evaluation company or the application of evaluation diagnostic items. Therefore, in this study, the ease of application and improvement of the K-ESG guideline was attempted by applying the K-ESG guideline to companies that already have ESG ratings. The position of the K-ESG guideline is also confirmed by comparing the scores calculated through the K-ESG guideline for companies that have ESG ratings from global ESG evaluation agencies and domestic ESG evaluation agencies. As a result of the analysis, first, the K-ESG guideline provide clear and detailed standards for individual companies to set their own ESG goals and set the direction of ESG practice. Second, the K-ESG guideline is suitable for domestic and global ESG evaluation standards as it has 61 diagnostic items and 12 additional diagnostic items covering the evaluation indicators of global representative ESG evaluation agencies and KCGS in Korea. Third, the ESG rating of the K-ESG guideline was higher than that of a global ESG rating company and lower than or similar to that of a domestic ESG rating company. Fourth, the ease of application of the K-ESG guideline is judged to be high. Fifth, the point to be improved in the K-ESG guideline is that the government needs to compile industry average statistics on diagnostic items in the K-ESG environment area and publish them on the government's ESG-only site. In addition, the applied weights of E, S, and G by industry should be determined and disclosed. This study will help ESG evaluation agencies, corporate management, and ESG managers interested in ESG management in establishing ESG management strategies and contributing to providing improvements to be referenced when revising the K-ESG guideline in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2023

This study aims to distinguish what can be used in consideration of the national situation with Korea for Chinese Scenic and Historic Interest Areas, and the results are as follows; First, the Chinese Scenic and Historic Interest Areas expanded to the existing scenic cruise culture, travel, and tourism culture in the process of the influx of Western culture in the modern and contemporary era, and became popular as a travel destination. Accordingly, the Chinese government developed the tourism industry around the scenic sites, and thanks to the development of transportation and communication, the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas has become an important national heritage. This influenced the establishment of the system related to Scenic and Historic Interest Areas, and today, it is operated around the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas ordinance. Second, the designation of the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas is divided into the size of the site according to the area, and the process of selecting the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas classification, rating evaluation, and comprehensive value evaluation according to evaluation indicators and rating standards is carried out. Accordingly, according to the results of the classification, it is subdivided from the national level to the Scenic and Historic Interest Areas at the local level. Third, the central government is in charge of managing and supervising Scenic and Historic Interest Areas across the country, and the local government's construction department is in charge of supervising Scenic and Historic Interest Areas in the region. The management organization of Scenic and Historic Interest Areas established by local governments above the county level has a system that actually protects, utilizes, and manages Scenic and Historic Interest Areas. In addition, 14 detailed indicators are used to monitor Scenic and Historic Interest Areas. Based on these results, considering the application of the domestic scenic site policy, the method of developing the policy that has established the system from the perspective of the utilization of the people is worth considering. On the other hand, the evaluation of the designation and management system through the setting of various indicators has limitations in that it is difficult to secure objectivity in impressing or evaluating the landscape. Therefore, rather than blindly introducing quantified evaluation, it seems that guidance and promotion on how to expand consensus on scenic values and enjoy heritage should be prioritized.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.360-372
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to identify the current state of pediatric dentists, evaluate the adequacy of pediatric dentist supply and demand, and find out the perception of all pediatric dentists on the current state of pediatric dentists and policy establishment. An Online survey was conducted among pediatric dentists. The questionnaire was subdivided into 'general characteristics', 'number of dental treatments and working days per year', 'proportion of covered services', 'perceptions of supply and demand of pediatric dentists'. Through the Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Services, the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS), and the Korean Statistical Information Service, the current state of pediatric dentists, the number of claims for covered services, and the decrease in births per year were investigated. Dental clinics claiming to be pediatric dentistry reached half of all medical institutions, but only 3.78% of pediatric dentists actually worked. 61.36% of all pediatric dentists were concentrated in the metropolitan area, showing a national imbalance. Although the population of children and adolescents have continuously decreased over the past 20 years, the number of NHIS-covered services has shown a continuous increase. Over the past 10 years, the optimal supply of pediatric dentists has been maintained at around 4,000. According to the analysis, 92.15% of pediatric dentists thought that it was necessary to prepare policies and support measures at the government level. This study is expected to be used as basic data for establishing a demand estimation method for pediatric dentistry specialists in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.273-288
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• 2023

Although many studies have been conducted on techniques and effects that can be applied to forest meditation in domestic forest healing meditation research, there has been little research on the space where forest meditation takes place. Nevertheless, a meditation space is not just a place concept but a forest environment element responsible for the healing function of a forest, i.e., a place containing healing factors, and can be an essential clue to the healing mechanism. Therefore, to determine whether a healing forest meditation space is suitable for meditation, this study selected the attribute items of the meditation space using the Delphi expert survey and then surveyed the user satisfaction of the healing forest meditation space using the IPA (Importance Performance Analysis) technique. The survey was conducted from August to November 2022, targeting 315 adults who used the forest meditation space at the National Center for Forest Therapy, the Saneum Healing Forest, and the Jathyanggi Pureunsup Arboretum in Gyeonggi Province. The result of the IPA analysis showed the average satisfaction with the forest meditation space was relatively high at 4.33 points on a 5-point Likert scale (4.33 points for the National Center for Forest Therapy, 4.34 points for the Saneum Healing Forest, and 4.37 points for the Jathyanggi Pureunsup Arboretum), indicating that the three healing forest meditation spaces were suitable for forest meditation. Satisfaction with the "Sounds of nature" was high in all three forests. On the other hand, all three forests showed a relatively low satisfaction with "Quietness," indicating it to be a priority problem to be addressed. Also, an open-ended questionnaire survey showed that the mediation space's natural elements, such as natural sounds, scenery, air, forest spaces, and scents, had a higher positive impact on meditation satisfaction than artificial elements, such as facilities. Therefore, it is essential to secure sound resources such as the sound of water and birds around the meditation space, and it is also necessary to consider ways to create a meditation forest in an independent area to avoid encounters with visitors and allow only participants in the forest healing meditation program to enter to increase satisfaction with forest meditation.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-94
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• 2009

The research project was conducted to develop a paper bagging machine for grape. This technology was aimed to highly reduce a labor for paper bagging in grape and bakery. In agriculture labor and farm population has rapidly decreased since 1980 in Korea so there was so limit in labor. In particular there is highly population in women and old age at rural area and thus labor cost is so high. Therefore a labor saving technology in agricultural sector might be needed to be replaced these old age with mechanical and labor saving tool in agriculture. The following was summarized of the research results for development of a paper bagging machine for grape. 1. Development of a new paper bagging machine for grape - This machine was designed by CATIA VI2/AUTO CAD2000 programme. - A paper bagging machine was mechanically binded a paper bag of grape which should be light and small size. This machine would be designed for women and old age with convenience during bagging work at the field site. - This machine was manufactured with total weight of less than 350g. - An overage bagging operation was more than 99% at the actual field process. - A paper bagging machine was designed with cartridge type which would be easily operated between rows and grape branches under field condition. - The type of cartridge pin was designed as a C-ring type with the length of 500mm which was good for bagging both grape and bakery. - In particular this machine was developed to easily operated among vines of the grape trees. 2. Field trials of a paper bagging machine in grape - There was high in grape quality as compared to the untreated control at the application of paper bagging machine. - The efficiency of paper bagging machine was 102% which was alternative tool for the conventional. - The roll pin of paper bagging machine was good with 5.3cm in terms of bagging precision. - There was no in grape quality between the paper bagging machine and the conventional method. - Disease infection and grape break was not in difference both treatments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2023

Forest biomass is used as a representative indicator of forest size, maturity, and productivity. Therefore, quantitative evaluation is important for management and harvest as well as the evaluation of ecosystem functions and services including CO₂ absorption. The allometric equation is a widely used method for estimating the value of each component through the relative growth rate of plants. Recently, studies indicated that the relative growth of trees is changing because of the increased CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere and the resulting climate change, raising the need to review the previously developed relative growth models and coefficients. In this study, the height-diameter at breast height (DBH) relationships of four major tree species in Korea [(Pinus densiflora (PD), Larix kaempferi (LK), Quercus variabilis (QV), and Quercus mongolica (QM)] were analyzed using the 5th-7th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. Furthermore, these results were compared with the present yield table from the National Institute for Forest Science. This analysis revealed that the expected height for the same DBH increased as the NFI progressed. For example, in model analysis, the expected heights for PD, LK, QV, and QM for DBH of 25 cm were 12.48, 19.17, 14.47, and 13.19 m, respectively, in the 5th NFI data. In the 7th NFI data, these values were estimated as 13.61 (+9.1%), 21.58 (+12.7%), 15.76 (+8.9%), and 13.93 m (+5.6%), respectively. These results indicate that the major tree species in South Korean forests currently are more vigorous in height growth than in diameter growth when compared to the height-DBH development trends by tree species identified through past survey data.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.146-160
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• 2023

The spread of non-face-to-face services due to the COVID-19 pandemic has brought many changes in consumers' purchasing behavior and attracted much attention to new services. Could trying new services caused by this sudden environmental change alter consumers's choice patterns? This study proposes the research question of whether these new service experiences can change consumers' existing choice behavior, especially for risk-averse consumers who maintain their existing choice behavior or prefer safe alternatives. In this study, we examined whether trying out an unmanned payment services, one of innovative services that emerged after the pandemic crisis, can change the existing choice behavior of risk-averse consumers, i.e., make them more likely to prefer risky alternatives to safe alternatives. To accomplish these research goals, this research conducted one pilot survey and one study. The results of pilot survey showed that the stronger the prevention-focus tendency, the lower the self-efficacy to use the innovative service, with a negative relationship between them. Based on these findings, the study used an experimental method to examine the interaction effects between the use of innovation services and consumers' regulatory focus in a choice behavior and to explore the psychological mechanisms behind them. According to the results, it is found that prevention-focused consumers were more likely to choose risky alternatives and dissimilar extended brands following a trial of an unmanned payment service compared to not using that service. In contrast, promotion-focused consumers did not show different choice patterns regardless of following a trial of an innovative service. Furthermore, these results for prevention-focused consumers confirm the role of self-efficacy as a psychological mechanism. These findings shed light on the role of self-efficacy which has discussed in positive psychology into marketing area. Moreover, practical and academic implications are suggested by the finding that behavioral change occurs in risk-averse consumers, who are known to be hesitant to try new behaviors, indicating market expansion related to potential consumers for the use of the innovation services.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.196-209
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• 2022

This study compared and analyzed the spatial division function and role of partitions by comparing the entire space and the spatial changes before and after the installation of partitions in <Donggwoldo>, which was manufactured in the late Joseon Dynasty. As a research method, a set standard was prepared to decompose the space of <Donggwoldo> into a unit space, and the standard was set according to the role and height of the space by classifying it into a main space, sub space, and transition space. Two convex maps were prepared according to before and after the installation of the Panjang, and the values of connectivity, control, and integration, which are spatial syntax variables, were calculated and analyzed. The results of the study are as follows. First, the partition in <Donggwoldo(東闕圖)> did not affect the overall spatial arrangement and control or connection of Donggwol, but the movement and access of space is limited to specific areas. Second, the partition was a facility intensively distributed in Naejeon(內殿) and Donggung(東宮) to be used actively in the way of space utilization. It shows that the unit space increased rapidly due to the installation of the partition. Since the partition was installed in the spaces that were open and under high control in the case of Naejeon(內殿), it helped to secure private spaces as closed ones under low control. On the other hand, for Donggung(東宮), the spaces were compartmented and divided with the partition to guide the movement path through narrow gates of the partition and increase the depth of the space. This helped to create spaces that are free and can be hidden as it increased the number of spaces coming through. Third, In addition to the functions of "eye blocking, space division, and movement path control" revealed in prior research, the partition has created a "space that is easy to control" within a specific area. The installation of the partition reduced the scale through the separation of spaces, but it occurred the expansion of the movement path and space. Also, the partition functioned to strengthen hiding and closure or increase openness as well through space division. This study is significant in that it revealed the value of the spatial control function of panjang through the analysis of spatial control and depth by analyzing the function of the partition with a mathematical model in addition to the analysis and study of the function and role of panjang. In addition, it is valuable in that it has prepared a framework for analysis tools that can be applied to traditional residential complexes similar to palaces by applying space syntax to <Donggungdo> to create convex spaces according to unit space division and connection types of palace architecture and landscape elements.