• Mycobiology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2004

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of pre-inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum and foliar application of kinetin on the growth of mungbean plant irrigated wht different dilution of seawater. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal(AM) infection significantly increased dry weight, height, chlorophyll, sugar and protein content, nitrogen and phosphorus-use efficiencies, leaf conductivity, transpiration rate, nitrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphates activities of all salinized mungbean plants in comparison with control and non-mycorrhizal plants irrespective of the presence or absence of kinetin. Mycorrrhizal plants showed higher concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg and lower Na/N, Na/P, Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg ratios than non-mycorrhizal plants when irrigated with certain dilution of seawater. Mungbean plants showed 597% and 770% dependency on AM fungus G. clarum in absence and presence of kinetin, respectively, for biomass production under a level of 30% of seawater. The average value of tolerance index for mycorrhizal plants accounted 267% and 364% in absence and presence kinetin respectively. This study provides evidence for the benefits of kinetin which are actually known for mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhzal plants. AM fungus and kinetin protected the host plants against the detrimental effects of salt. However, mycorrhizal infection was much more effective than kinetin applications. Thus management applications of this arbuscular mycorrhizal endophyte(G. clarum) with kinetin could be of importance in using seawater in certain dilution for irrigation in agriculture.

• Mycobiology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.341-348
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• 2018

A new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota), Acaulospora koreana, was isolated from forest soils in South Korea. This novel fungus was collected from the rhizosphere of Lindera obtusiloba and Styrax obassia in forest and propagated with Sorghum bicolor in pot. Morphological characteristics of spores of A. koreana are rarely distinguished from Acaulospora mellea, which is reported as one of the most abundant mycorrhizal species in Korea. However, molecular evidence of rDNA sequence using improved primers for glomeromycotan fungal identification strongly supported that A. koreana is different from A. mellea but also any other species belonging to the genus Acaulospora. This is the first novel glomeromycatan fungus introduced in South Korea, but it suggests that there is a high possibility for discovering new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi considering the abundance of plant species and advanced phylogenetic analysis technique.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.191-196
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• 2004

The contribution of plant nutrition status in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plant to the nutrient acquisition by extraradical hyphae of AM fungi was investigated using cucumber colonized with Glomus intraradicies (BEG 110) focusing on the Zn. Compartmentalized pots with separated Bones for hyphal growth were used to determine the contribution of extraradical AM hyphae to Zn uptake from hyphal zones. $0.5\;{\mu}M$ Zn was supplied into the hyphal zones as nutrient solution (10 mL/day) with a form of $ZnSO_4$. Zn foliar application was made two times for one week before harvest (8 mL/plant). The colonization rate by AM were high in all of Zn treatments. The dry weight of cucumber increased by AM colonization compared to those of non-mycorrhizal counterpart. However: Zn foliar application resulted in no significant difference in dry weight between mycorrhizal- and non-mycorrhizal plant. In addition, the enhancement of Zn content in cucumber shoot by AM colonization were also reduced by Zn foliar application. These results indicate that the interaction between host plant and AM fungus for nutrient uptake might be related to plant nutritional status and nutrient contents. In consequence, higher Zn contents in host plant by foliar application of Zn could restrict the role of extraradical hyphae of AM fungus on the Zn acquisition and transfer from fungus to host plant.

• 환경생물
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.292-296
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• 2003

균귄 곰팡이(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF)의 하나인 Glomus manihot을 이용하여 고추의 성장과 무기이온 흡수 및 고추의 치명적 질병인 역병 방제에 미치는 효과를 조사한 결과 매우 유의적인 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. AMF 균주 처리에 의해 질소, 인산, 칼리의 흡수와 초기 중량이 증가되었음을 파종 2주만에 확인할 수 있었으며 고추 품종에 따른 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 이는 Glomus manihot이 고추의 발아와 동시에 부리에 공생하게 되어 나타나는 결과였으며 따라서 파종 시기에 맞춰 AMF를 투입하는 것이 중용한 것으로 판단된다. 야외에서 6주간 경작한 결과, 중량은 AMF와 불용성 인산을 동시에 처리한 결과 40％ 가까운 증가 효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 불용성 인산을 사용 가능케 하는 AMF의 특징에 의한 것으로 토양 내 문제점이 되고 있는 인산 과용에 의한 불용성 인산염의 제거에도 매우 좋은 효과를 나타내리라 판단되었다. 또한 Phyto-phtohra capsici에 의한 고추 역병에 대해서도 Glomus manihot의 접종이 그 피해를 경감시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 고추 품종에 상관없이 파종 초기에 Glomus manihot을 접종한다면 고추의 성장과 질병 방제효과를 통해 보다 좋은 품질의 고추를 생산할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2008

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the role of the arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungus, Glomus mosseae(BEG 107) in enhancing growth and arsenic(As) and phosphorus(P) uptake of white clover(Trifolium repens) and evening primrose(Oenothera odorata) in soil collected from a gold mine having concentrations of 381.6 mg total As $kg^{-1}$ and 20.5 mg available As $kg^{-1}$. Trifolium repens and O. odorata are widely distributed on abandoned metalliferous mines in Korea. The percent root colonization by the AM fungus was 55.9% and 62.3% in T. repens and O. odorata, respectively, whereas no root colonization was detected in control plants grown in a sterile medium. The shoot dry weight of T. repens and O. odorata was increased by 323 and 117% in the AM plants compared to non-mycorrhizal(NAM) plants, respectively. The root dry weight increased up to 24% in T. repens and 70% in O. odorata following AM colonization compared to control plants. Mycorrhizal colonization increased the accumulation of As in the root tissues of T. repens and O. odorata by 99.7 and 91.7% compared to the NAM plants, respectively. The total uptake of P following AM colonization increased by 50% in T. repens and 70% in O. odorata, whereas the P concentration was higher in NAM plants than in the AM plants. Colonization with AM fungi increased the As resistance of the host plants to As toxicity by augmenting the yield of dry matter and increasing the total P uptake. Hence, the application of an AM fungus can effectively improve the phytoremediation capability of T. repens and O. odorata in As-contaminated soil.

• Mycobiology
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

Nuclear distribution within the extra-radical fungal structures and during spore production in the arbuscular mycorrhizae fungus Glomus intraradices was examined using an in vitro monoxenic culture system. A di-compartmental monoxenic culture system was modified using a nitrocellulose membrane and a coverglass slip for detailed observations. Nuclear distribution was observed using the fluorescent DNA binding probes SYBR Green I and DAPI. Both septate and non-septate mycelial regions were observed, but cytoplasmic contents were only found within non-septate mycelia. Nuclear fluorescent staining revealed that the non-septate hyphal region contained nuclei only with cytoplasm, and that nuclear distribution was limited by septa. Swollen hyphal bodies were often associated with septate and empty-looking hyphae. Cytoplasmic contents filled the swollen hyphal body from the non-septate hyphal region following removal of the septa. As a consequence, the swollen body developed into a new spore. These observations provide understanding about the distribution of AM fungal nuclei within extra-radical mycelia and during spore formation. The results suggest a mechanism by which the development of a cytoplasm-containing mycelium is controlled by the formation or removal of septa to efficiently maintain and proliferate essential contents. This mechanism may provide a survival strategy to the fungus.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.242-248
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• 2013

In the Northeast of Brazil, expansion of guava crops has been impaired by Meloidogyne enterolobii that causes root galls, leaf fall and plant death. Considering the fact that arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) improve plant growth giving protection against damages by plant pathogens, this work was carried out to select AMF efficient to increase production of guava seedlings and their tolerance to M. enterolobii. Seedlings of guava were inoculated with 200 spores of Gigaspora albida, Glomus etunicatum or Acaulospora longula and 55 days later with 4,000 eggs of M. enterolobii. The interactions between the AMF and M. enterolobii were assessed by measuring leaf number, aerial dry biomass, $CO_2$ evolution and arbuscular and total mycorrhizal colonization. In general, plant growth was improved by the treatments with A. longula or with G. albida. The presence of the nematode decreased arbuscular colonization and increased general enzymatic activity. Higher dehydrogenase activity occurred with the A. longula treatment and $CO_2$ evolution was higher in the control with the nematode. More spores and higher production of glomalin-related soil proteins were observed in the treatment with G. albida. The numbers of galls, egg masses and eggs were reduced in the presence of A. longula. Inoculation with this fungus benefitted plant growth and decreased nematode reproduction.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.203-206
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• 2017

The soil organisms that develop beneficial Symbiotic relationships with plants roots and contribute to plant growth are mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculations change the growth and biochemical composition of the host plant and soil. Mycorrhizal root systems do augment the absorbing area of roots from 10 to 100 times thereby greatly improving the ability of the plants to utilize the soil resources. A pot experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons at Jaipur, Rajasthan, to find out the effects of three different indigenous AM fungi i.e. Glomus mosseae, Glomus fasciculatum and Gigaspora decipiens either single and in combination inoculation on biochemical and histochemical changes of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) grown under barren soil conditions. The AM fungus has shown to improve the tolerance of plant to drought stress. Experimental results showed that AM fungi treated plants improved their plants growths, biochemical and histochemical changes as compared to non-mycorrhizal treatments. The AM fungi inoculated plant was found to be attaining maximum plant biochemical and histochemical substances in Glomus mosseae (alone) and also Glomus mosseae + Glomus fasciculatum treatments.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권6호
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• pp.735-742
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• 2006

본 연구는 내생균근균 접종이 목본식물의 인공 산성우에 대한 저항성에 미치는 영향을 구명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 아까시나무(Robinia pseudoacacia) 종자를 실험실 내에서 파종한 후, 멸균된 버미큘라이트, 모래, 밭토양을 1:1:1로 혼합한 토양을 담은 1l pot에 건강한 묘목을 이식하였다. 각 pot에 묘목을 이식할 때 분쇄된 뿌리혹과 균근균을 접종하였는데, 뿌리혹은 자연 상태에서 자란 아까시나무림에서 채취한 것을, 내생균근균은 상업용으로 판매하는 Glomus intraradices를 수입하여 사용하였다. pH 2.6, 3.6, 4.6, 5.6 4종류의 인공 산성우는 황산과 질산을 3:1로 혼합하여 만들었다. 각 pot에는 질소와 인을 배제시킨 양료용액과 일정한 pH 수준의 산성우를 각각 180 mm씩 매주 1회씩 50일간 처리하였으며 포트는 온실에 놓아두었다. 실험 종료시 묘목을 굴취하여 엽록소, 무기양료의 함량과 조직의 순광함성량, 건중량, 뿌리의 균근감염율 등을 측정하였다. 균근감염율은 pH 2.6에서 현저히 낮은 수준을 나타냈는데, 이는 극도로 낮은 pH에서 G. intraradices의 활력이 억제됨을 의미한다. 수고생장, 건중량, 뿌리혹 형성, 엽록소 함량, 그리고 순광합성 등은 pH 3.6을 제외한 모든 pH 수준에서 균근감염에 의해 증가하였다. pH 5.6과 4.6에서는 균근균 접종이 뿌리혹 형성을 각각 85%, 45% 증가시켰으나, pH 3.6괴 2.6에서는 균근균 접종이 뿌리혹의 형성을 거의 촉진하지 않았다. 순광합성 량은 모든 pH 수준에서 균근감염에 의해 증가하였다. 조직체 내의 인 함량도 균근감염에 의해 평균 43% 증가하였으며 pH 2.6을 제외하고는 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론적으로 아까시나무에 대한 균근균 접종은 광합성과 인 함량, 뿌리혹 형성을 증가시킴으로써 생장을 촉진하고, 산성우에 대한 저항성을 높여준다고 할 수 있다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2005

Pot greenhouse experiments were carried out to attempt to increase the salinity tolerance of one of the most popular legume of the world; cowpea; by using dual inoculation of an Am fungus Glomus clarum and a nitrogen-fixer Azospirillum brasilense. The effect of these beneficial microbes, as single- or dual inoculation-treatments, was assessed in sterilized loamy sand soil at five NaCl levels ($0.0{\sim}7.\;2ds/m$) in irrigating water. The results of this study revealed that percentage of mycorrhizal infection, plant height, dry weight, nodule number, protein content, nitrogenase and phosphatase activities, as well as nutrient elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg were significantly decreased by increasing salinity level in non-mycorrhized plants in absence of NFB. Plants inoculated with NFB showed higher nodule numbers, protein content, nitrogen concentration and nitrogenase activities than those of non-inoculated at all salinity levels. Mycorrhized plants exhibited better improvement in all measurements than that of non-mycorrhized ones at all salinity levels, especially, in the presence of NFB. The concentration of $Na^+$ was significantly accumulated in cowpea plants by rising salinity except in shoots of mycorrhizal plants which had $K^+/Na^+$ ratios higher than other treatments. This study indicated that dual inoculation with Am fungi and N-fixer Azospirillum can support both needs for N and P, excess of NaCl and will be useful in terms of soil recovery in saline area.