• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.30-39
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• 2011

There is a problem that some spoken words are not consistent with the written words when Arabic numerals in Korean language are read. Since some rules for reading the Arabic numerals are not clear, the numerals should be read carefully by recognizing the position of the numbers in sentence, the relationship of the numerals with measurement nouns and other writing elements, and context. In view of technical writing, this work is to appreciate some rules for writing Korean numerals in place of Arabic numerals by studying the works regarding numerals, classifiers and measurement nouns.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.9-27
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• 1985

Islam toot a great interest in the utility sciences such as mathematics and astronomy as it needed them for the religious reasons. It needeed geometry to determine the direction toward Mecca, its holiest place: arithmetic and algebra to settle the dates of the festivals and to calculate the accounts lot the inheritance; astronomy to settle the dates of Ramadan and other festivals. Islam expanded and developed mathematics and sciences which it needed at first for the religious reasons to the benefit of all mankind. This thesis focuses upon the golden age of Islamic culture between 7th to 13th century, the age in which Islam came to possess the spirit of discovery and learning that opened the Islamic Renaissance and provided, in turn, Europeans with the setting for the Renaissance in 14th century. While Europe was still in the midst of the dark age of the feudal society based upon the agricultural economy and its mathematics was barey alive with the efforts of a few scholars in churches, the. Arabs played the important role of bridge between civilizations of the ancient and modern times. In the history of mathematics, the Arabian mathematics formed the orthodox, not collateral, school uniting into one the Indo-Arab and the Greco-Arab mathematics. The Islam scholars made a great contribution toward the development of civilization with their advanced the development of civilization with their advanced knowledge of algebra, arithmetic and trigonometry. the Islam mathematicians demonstrated the value of numerals by using arithmetic in the every day life. They replaced the cumbersome Roman numerals with the convenient Arabic numerals. They used Algebraic methods to solve the geometric problems and vice versa. They proved the correlation between these two branches of mathematics and established the foundation of analytic geometry. This thesis examines the historical background against which Islam united and developed the Indian and Greek mathematics; the reason why the Arabic numerals replaced the Roman numerals in the whole world: and the influence of the Arabic mathematics upon the development of the modern mathematics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.07b
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• pp.442-444
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 아라비안 숫자의 중의성을 효과적으로 제거하고 숫자 표현의 발음을 정확하게 문자화할 수 있는 임베디드 시스템용 경량화된 아라비안 숫자 읽기 시스템을 제안한다. 이를 위해 7 가지의 숫자 읽기 방식(Headings of Arabic Numerals RAN)을 분류하였고, 문자화 규칙을 설정하기 위해. (1) 문맥 자질, (2) 패턴 자질, (3) 휴리스틱 정보를 숫자 표현의 의미에 따라 분석하였다. 그리고 숫자의 문자화 시스템을 최적화하여 임베디드 시스템에 탑재하기 위해 (1) 형태소 분석 모듈의 분리, (2) 사전 압축, (3) 인명과 지명의 제거를 하였고, 이를 홍해 심각한 정확도 손실 없이 메모리 사용량과 처리 시간을 크게 줄일 수 있었다. 경량화된 mini-TAN 은 $96.9\~98.3\%$의 정확도를 보이며, 기존 상용 TTS 시스템에 비해서도 숫자 읽기의 처리에 있어 높은 정확도를 보인다.

• Language and Information
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-136
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• 2004

In this paper, we have proposed Auto- TSS, an automatic transcription module of three ambiguous symbols-period (．), colon (:) and slash (／)--using their linguistic contexts. Few previous studies have discussed the problems of ambiguities in reading those symbols into Korean alphabetic letters in order to improve the current Korean TTS (Text-To-Speech) systems. We have classified 9 different reading formulae of the three symbols, analyzed their left and right contexts, and investigated selection rules and distributions between the symbols and their contexts. Based on these linguistic features, 30 stereotyped patterns, 53 rules and 5 heuristics determining the types of reading formulae are investigated for Auto-TSS. This module works modularly in 4 steps. The pilot test was conducted with three test suites, which contain respectively 6,979, 3,491 and 2,450 morpheme clusters containing at least one of three ambiguous symbols and Arabic numeral(s). Encouraging results of 94.3%, 93.0%, 94.2% accuracy were obtained for the test suites. Our next phases are to develop a guessing routine for unknown contexts of the union symbols by using statistical information; to refine the proper nouns and terminology detecting module; and to apply Auto-TSS on a larger scale.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.26
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• pp.3-33
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• 1994

The author have devised the main table of International Centesimal Classification(ICC). This is the second study of ICC. And so, this study intends to devise a new and reasonable form divisions for the ICC. This study analyses the 'standard subdivisions' of DDC and the 'general form divisions' of UDC and LCC, to investigate the problems included among them. And then, it devises the three tables of 'Internal form divisions, External form divisions, and Special form divisions' in two digit of arabic numerals.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2020.10a
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• pp.42-44
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• 2020

TTS(Text-to-Speech) 시스템을 위해서는 한글 이외의 문자열을 한글로 변환해줄 필요가 있다. 이러한 문자열에는 숫자, 특수문자 등의 문자열이 포함되어 있다. 특히 숫자의 경우, 숫자가 사용되는 문맥에 따라 그 발음방법이 달라지는 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 규칙기반과 한정된 문맥 정보만을 활용할 수 있는 방법이 아닌, 딥러닝을 이용한 방법으로 문맥에 따라 발음방법이 달라지는 숫자 음역의 모호성을 해소하는 방법을 소개한다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.689-695
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• 2010

The effect of the code conversion process of Korean script (Hangul), also known as words for numbers, was investigated using event-related potentials (ERPs) during mental arithmetic operations. Study subjects were asked to determine whether the arithmetic results of a given target stimuli were correctly matched. Visual inspection and statistics of mean ERPs showed stimulus type-dependent processing rather than task-dependent processing. Results of addition and multiplication tasks revealed that the overall temporal profiles of the Arabic numerals were similar to the Hangul words for numbers. The only exception to this observation was a delayed positive-slope peak occurring around 300 ms, which was likely related to the encoding process of Hangul words for numbers to Arabic-digits, defined as a 'transcoding-related potential.' Source analysis confirmed that the topography of different waveforms for the two conditions was attributed to a single dipole located in the left temporo-parietal area; this area is known to be involved in Hangul words for number processing. These results suggest that the initial processing for encoding words for numbers was followed by arithmetic operations without direct access of internal number representation. Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society. The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.278-281
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• 2021

For a long time, CAPTCHA Recognition has been a major challenge in the field of artificial intelligence. Although there are many related technologies that can solve this identification problem, further breakthroughs are still needed. Based on the existing SSD network, this paper adds a non-block module. Compared with the original SSD network, the recognition rate of SSD + Non-local is improved from 86.12% to 88.47%.In addition, it is worth noting that the recognized character verification code consists of Arabic numerals, uppercase and lowercase English letters.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.20
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• pp.35-63
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• 1991

DDC, LCC, and CC can be said as the major schemes for mordern general library classification. Among these, DDC, since its publication in 1876, has been continuously studies and revised by many scholars and practitioners to publish 20th edition in 1989: LCC also has been studied and revised by the specialists in each subject, since 1904; and CC(first edition 1933) is now on the stage of 7th edition(1987). Even though studied, revised and developed by many classificationists, all these schemes maintain the general framework of the beginning, only with the partial revision and expansion to reflect the developments of the subjects. and antioipated tremendous amount of works resulted from reclassification also can be a reason that disturbs the full innovative revision of the scheme, because these are used in many libraries as a basic tools for the classification. But all these schemes mainly based on the state of the discipline at the time of their creation, the beginning of 20the century, and so in some aspect it is natural for them to have many problems. This study aims to investigate the problems in these major schemes, to find some ways to solve the problems, and to suggest the ideas for the basic design of a new modern library classification scheme. This plan is prepared to be applied to the situation of all countries equally without any revision. And in its notation, it uses two digits of Arabic numerals as centesimal, and so it is named provisionally to Plan for Centesimal Classification (PCC).

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2010

Ancient Indian mathematical works, all composed in Sanskrit, usually consisted of a section of sturas in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in order to aid memorization by a student. And rules or problems of the mathematics were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form.Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the decimal number system, arithmetic, equations, algebra, geometry and trigonometry. And many Indian mathematicians were appearing one after another in Ancient. This paper is a comparative study of mathematics developments in ancient India and the other ancient civilizations. We have found that the Indian mathematics is quantitative, computational and algorithmic by the principles, but the ancient Greece is axiomatic and deductive mathematics in character. Ancient India and the other ancient civilizations mathematics should be unified to give impetus to further development of mathematics education in future times.