• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.694-699
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• 2012

To examine the EC model in a culture medium, basic culture medium of Rush (2005) and EC model of Robinson and Strokes (1959) were applied analyzing the equivalence ion total amount, the EC variable of cation and anion. Following the experiential translation by Steiner (1980), 130 optimized domestic and foreign culture media for crop growth were utilized, and estimated EC model was also demonstrated. Results from basic culture medium of Rush (2005) suggests an estimated EC by equivalence ion total amount and high reliable regressive model with 0.96 y = 1.33x - 0.23 of 0.96 as value $R^2$. It was found out that the change in concentration of positive ion and anion did not differ significantly with the increase and decrease of EC, however, there occurred a slight variable range. The change brings about a bigger anion influence than the previously reported positive ion, seemingly like those based on nitride ion and sulfur ion. The above EC estimated models confirmed that with optimized 130 domestic and foreign culture media for crop growth, the value derived will be as follows: $R^2$ = 0.98 with y = 1.23x - 0.02. In addition, the contour analysis of positive ion and anion for EC, with popularly known concentration range of EC $1.5-2.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ reveals an equivalent of more than $11meq{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for positive ion and $15meq{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for anion. On the other hand, the left bottom, low concentration $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and the right above, high concentration $2.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, for both positive ion and anion existed differently in a proper culture medium concentration. This study adapted variables of both positive ion and anion of EC simultaneously, unlike in the previous culture medium by ion ratio in mutual ratio of Steiner (1980), and offers an EC model that can estimate levels or positive ion and anion in proper concentration, EC $1.5-2.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, with distributed features of ions.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2011

Purpose: The present study was conducted to compare the centration of RGP lens on cornea when lens was fitted based on keratometric astigmatisms measured by keratometer and the lens centration when fitted by corneal topography. Methods: Thirty eight eyes of 19 male and female in their twenties were applied RGP lens with 9.9 mm of diameter by the keratometric astigmatisms classified by the measurement with a keratometer. Then, lens centrations were estimated using high speed camera and compared with the lens centration when fitted by total keratometric astigmatism using corneal topography. The relationship of the steepest location of cornea and lens centration was further compared. Results: With the rule astigmatism, lens centration was not changed even with the difference in central and total keratometric astigmatisms. When the relationship of the steepest part of cornea measured by corneal topography and lens centration was analyzed, the lens centration in vertical direction was exactly correlated with the steepest part of cornea in 52.3% of subjects. In the case of non-correlation, the steepest part of cornea was mostly upper part of cornea, however, lens centration was located on lower part of cornea. The lens centration in horizontal direction was exactly correlated with the steepest region of cornea in 65.6% of subjects. In non-correlated case, the difference in cornea curvatures between the steepest and the flattest parts was smaller than 0.05 mm in 76.9% of subjects. Conclusions: From these results, we conclude that corneal topographic patterns may more contribute the centration of RGP lens on cornea than the difference in central and total keratometric astigmatisms.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.25-41
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• 2011

Recently, support vector machines (SVMs) are being recognized as competitive tools as compared with other data mining techniques for solving pattern recognition or classification decision problems. Furthermore, many researches, in particular, have proved them more powerful than traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) (Amendolia et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2004, Huang et al., 2005; Tay and Cao, 2001; Min and Lee, 2005; Shin et al., 2005; Kim, 2003).The classification decision, such as a binary or multi-class decision problem, used by any classifier, i.e. data mining techniques is so cost-sensitive particularly in financial classification problems such as the credit ratings that if the credit ratings are misclassified, a terrible economic loss for investors or financial decision makers may happen. Therefore, it is necessary to convert the outputs of the classifier into wellcalibrated posterior probabilities-based multiclass credit ratings according to the bankruptcy probabilities. However, SVMs basically do not provide such probabilities. So it required to use any method to create the probabilities (Platt, 1999; Drish, 2001). This paper applied AdaBoost algorithm-based support vector machines (SVMs) into a bankruptcy prediction as a binary classification problem for the IT companies in Korea and then performed the multi-class credit ratings of the companies by making a normal distribution shape of posterior bankruptcy probabilities from the loss functions extracted from the SVMs. Our proposed approach also showed that their methods can minimize the misclassification problems by adjusting the credit grade interval ranges on condition that each credit grade for credit loan borrowers has its own credit risk, i.e. bankruptcy probability.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.263-275
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• 2012

Jurassic Daebo biotite granites, known as one of the main stone resources in the country, are widely and away distributed in the Pocheon and Yangju areas of the mid Gyeonggi massif. The objects of the study are mainly to reveal the unique characteristics of grain size, rock color, mineral composition, physical property and fracture system from the above biotite granites. Biotite granites from the Pocheon area (PG) and Yangju area (YG) are represented by coarse-grained and light gray, and medium to coarse-grained and grayish to light gray, respectively. In modes, main minerals of Qz+Af+Pl (quartz+alkali feldspar+plagioclase) are more increased in the PG, and accessories of biotite are more increased in the YG, which differences can cause the PG more bright light gray than the YG. Specific gravity (SG) shows somewhat more increasing in the YG than the PG. These differences can be caused by more increasing in biotite contents of higher specific gravity compared to the major minerals in the former than the latter. Absorption ratio (AR) and porosity (PR) of the PG and YG show the same values of 0.33 % and 0.86 %, respectively. In the correlations, PR vs SG and AR vs PR show gradually negative and distinctly positive trends, respectively. Compressive strength (CS) and tensile strength (TS) show increasing in the PG (CS: 1,775 $kg/cm^2$, TS: 87 $kg/cm^2$) than the YG (CS: 1,647 $kg/cm^2$, TS: 79 $kg/cm^2$). These strength characteristics could be attributed to the inherent rock textures of them. Abrasive hardness (AH) also shows a little increasing in PG, which can be caused by increase in quartz contents having higher hardness than the other major minerals. Orientations of fracture sets from the PG and YG were compared with those of vertical rift and grain planes in Mesozoic granites of the country. From the overlapped diagram, the distribution pattern between fracture sets and above vertical planes suggests that microcrack systems developed in Mesozoic granites in Korea occur also in the Daebo biotite granite bodies of the mid Gyeonggi massif. From the relation diagram showing the characteristics of fracture patterns for the above two area, PG and YG may have more potentiality for dimension and non-dimension stone resources, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of plant spacing on the growth and root yield at different harvesting year in Astragalus membranceus. A local variety collected in Jung Sun. Kang Won was used on the 30 and 40cm row spacing, with different spacing between plant of 5, 10, 15, 20cm respectively. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were applied as 6, 8 and 9kg/10a respectively, with compost of 1,000kg/10a. Branches, root length, root diameter and root weight were increased in the sparse planting compared with the dense planting. But emergence date, flowering date, stem height and node number were not significantly changed with plant spacing. The highest root yield was 211.8kg/10a at the $30{\time}10cm(67\;plants/m^2)$ in 1 year old plants of Astragalus membranceus. In case of two years old plants, branches, node number, root length, root diameter and root weight were increased in the sparse planting compared to the dense planting. But harvesting ratio was decreased in the dense planting, The highest dried root yield was 292kg/10a at the $40{\time}10cm\;(25\;Plants/m^2)$. In case of 3 years old plants, aerial part and root growth pattern were similar to the 2 years old plants, The dried root yield was highest(623kg/10a) in the $40{\time}10cm(25plants/m^2)$.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.21 no.2 s.34
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• pp.121-132
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• 2005

We investigated the reproductive cycle with gonad developmental phases of Sinonovacula constricta by histological observations, and seasonal changes in biochemical component of the adductor muscle, visceral mass, foot muscle and mantle were studied by biochemical analysis, from January to December, 2004. The reproductive cycle of this species can be classifed into five successive stages: early active stage (March to May), late active stage (May to July), ripe stage (July to September), partially spawned stage (August to October) and spentfinactive stage (October to March). Total protein content was the highest in the following order: adductor muscle, visceral mass, foot muscle, and mantle. Except for mantle, it was generally higher during the ripe and spawning stages, while lower during the spent/inactive stage. There were positive correlations in total protein contents among adductor muscle, foot muscle, and visceral mass. However, the correlations were not statistically significant. Total lipid content was the highest in the visceral mass; it was more than 5 or 6-fold higher than those in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, or mantle. The monthly change was also most dynamic in the visceral mass. It first Increased during the early active stage (March to May), decreased during late active stage (May to July), and then increased again rapidly during the spawning stage (September). There were a strong negative correlation in total lipid contents between foot muscle and adductor muscle (r = -0.634, p = 0.027), and a strong positive correlation between adductor muscle and mantle (r = 0.665, p = 0.018). Glycogen contents showed more or less similar pattern to total lipid contents in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, and visceral mass. It was higher during the early active and spawning stages, while lower during the late active and spent/inactive stages. There was no statistically significant correlation in glycogen contents among different tissues. Especially, total lipid content showed a negative correlationship between the foot muscle, adductor muscle, visceral mass and mantle. Therefore, these results indicate that the nutrient content of the foot muscle, adductor muscle, viseral mass and mantle changed in response to gonadal energy needs.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.219-246
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• 1993

In 1991, Obesity rate of South Korea has reached to 18.7%. Because of economical development, the pattern of diet is exchanged from carbohydrate to rich protein and fat. The more problem is not only obesity of adult but also one of little child. Obesity is induced to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, artherosclerosis, hyperlipoidemia. heart and C.V.A disease, etc. In Woman, special important ploblem is the complex of beauty about Woman's figure. In Oriental Medicine, the factor of obesity is mainly regarded as dampness. And there are many treatments and methods to body weight loss, but obesity patients dislike to use them because of their side effects and inconvenience, intolerance. Now ear acupuncture is applied on so many disease because of its easy handly, non-side effect and high efficiency in clinics. Here obesity acupuncture is used to ear and whole body acupuncture. Because they react eachother for lack point. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of obesity acupuncture and develop non-drug, non-starvation etc, we analyzed 453 the cases of body weight loss patients treated with ear and whole body acupuncture in Oriental Medicine Hospital of Jeon-Ju Woo-Sug University from April.1.1992. to March.17. 1993. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Distribution of sex ; male (4.4%), Female(95.6%) 2. Distribution of age in descending order ; 30s, 20s, 40s, 10s, 50s, below 10s, abowe 60s. The 20s-30s are group made up 60.7% of the group. 3. Distribution of occupation in descending order; housewife, student, service, salaried, merchant, teacher, farmer, inoccupation. 4. Distribution of human coporal constitution in descending order : Tae-Eum-In, So-Eum-In, So-Yang-In. 5. Distribution of body height and weight, 155-164cm ; 71.1%, 60-70kg, 74.6% are majority. 6. Distribution of weight variation, 2-6kg(71.0%) is majority, also 13-14kg(0.4%). 7. Distribution of duration in descending order ; 1-3 years, 3-6 years, 1-12months, above 10 years but in success, 1-12 months, 1-3 years, 3-6 years, above 10 years. Therefore, we know that the shorter duration of obesity is, the more loss of body weight. 8. Past experiences to body weight loss; Yes(69.5%), No(30.5%). The success rate accordant with the past temporary experiences shows that the cases without experience is higher than the ones with experience. 9. In distribution of times(treatments), 10 times is top. The rate of body weight loss is the highest in 14 times. Therefore, I think that one would need at least 10 times. in order lose body weight 10. Distribution of body weight variation in treatments times is at 2 times(3-4kg loss), and surprisingly is 14kg loss at above 15 times. 11. Distribution of symptoms improvement, in descending order ; heavy sense in body, dec. of appetite, inc.of exercise, lumbago, edema, knee pain, inc.of urine, inc. of fullness sense, thirsty, disease of gynecology, white tung, chest burning, heart burning, dec.of tobacco, drink taste. motion sickness, allergy, water eczema, arthma, belching. 12. Distribution of snack; Yes(87.4%), No(78.6%) 13. Distribution of exercise; Yes(21.4%), No(78.6%) 14. Distribution of sleeping times, above 7 hours(79.0%) 15. Distribution of the reason to body loss, the complex of beauty(68.7%) is top. 16. Distribution of side effect in obesity acupuncture, constipation (17.4%) is top. 17. Distribution of method in body weight loss ; dietary treatment (31.1%), sauna(26.7%), exercise(19.7%), the center of body weight loss (15.0%) herb-med and starvation treatments (5.1%), hand-finger acupuncture (hand-foot acupuncture) is 1.6%, diet pill(0.3%), etc(0.6%).

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2012

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of polymer, calcium, perlite and chitosan on the growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., PR) and to provide a basic information needed for their practical application when establishing garden, parks, athletic field and golf courses with these materials. A total of 24 treatment combinations were applied in the study. Treatments were made of water-swelling polymer (WSP), calcium, perlite and chitosan mixed in soil organic amendment (SOA). Germination rate, turfgrass coverage, turfgrass density and top growth were evaluated in PR under greenhouse conditions. Significant differences were observed for these growth characteristics among the treatments. Turfgrass density and plant height, evaluated on a weekly basis, varied with time after seeding. A proper mixing rate of WSP was considered to be lower 3% for the growth of PR with an exception of being below 6% for turfgrass density. Germination rate and early survival capacity were greatly influenced by calcium and chitosan among the elements of calcium, perlite, and chitosan. But there was little effect by perlite. Calcium and chitosan were most effective one for turfgrass density and coverage, respectively. Top leaf-growth was influenced by all three elements, but the greatest effect was highly linked with calcium. Chitosan was very effective in early germination and vertical leaf growth, as compared with the others. Future studies are required for measuring the effect of WSP, calcium, perlite and chitosan on the turf growth characteristics in root zone mixtures of sand+SOA before a practical field use.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.560-568
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• 2007

This study was performed to compare the shear bond strength of primary enamel & dentin treated by AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ and G $Bond^{TM}$, recently developed 6th generation dentin bonding system, to that of Single $Bond^{TM}$ being widely used. Also by observing the resin tag under scanning electron microscope, Resin tags of each material were also observed under scanning electron microscope and compared to one another. The possibility of clinical application of All-in-One system which has an advantage to reduce chair-time for children with difficult behavior pattern was evaluated. The results obtained are as follows: 1. No statistically significant difference between groups was found in shear bond strength of primary enamel. 2. In primary dentin, the shear bond strength of AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ was $1.15\;{\pm}\;0.37\;MPa$, G $Bond^{TM}$ was $1.69\;{\pm}\;0.74\;MPa$ and Single $Bond^{TM}$ was $0.56\;{\pm}\;0.11\;MPa$. There were no statistical difference between AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ and G $Bond^{TM}$ and between G $Bond^{TM}$ and Single $Bond^{TM}$, whereas statistically significant difference was found between AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ and Single $Bond^{TM}$. 3. Under scanning electron microscope, resin tags observed in AQ Bond $Plus^{TM}$ and G $Bond^{TM}$ were very weak and tangled while strong and thick tags were shown with many lateral branches in Single $Bond^{TM}$. The result of the present study coupled with the advantages of less working time over the previous generation suggests that All-in-One system might be effectively used in adhesive dental procedures for primary teeth.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.581-596
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress distribution of the abutment and sup-porting tissues according to the slopes and types of the guiding plane of distal extension removable partial dentures. The 3-dimensional finite element method was used and the finite element models were prepared as follows. Model I : Kratochvil type guiding plane with $90^{\circ}$ to residual ridge Model II : Kratochvil type guiding plane with $95^{\circ}$ to residual ridge Model III : Kratochvil type guiding plane with $100^{\circ}$ to residual ridge Model IV : Krol type guiding plane with $90^{\circ}$ to residual ridge Distal extension partial denture which right mandibular first and second molar were lost was used and the second premolar was prepared as primary abutment with RPI type retainer. Then 150N of compressive force was applied to central fossae of the first and second molars and von Mises stress and displacement were measured. The results were as follows 1. Model I and Model IV showed a similar stress distribution pattern and the stress was concentrated on the apex of the root of the abutment. 2. The stress was increased and concentrated on mesial side of the root of the abutment in Model II. The stress was concentrated on buccal and mesiobuccal side of the root of the abutment in Model IV. 3. In Model I, the root of the abutment displaced and twisted a little in clockwise. In Model IV, the root of the abutment displaced to distolingually at apical region of the root and mesiobuccally at cervical region of the root. 4. In Model II, the root of the abutment displaced to mesiolingually at apical region of the root and more displaced and twisted in counterclockwise at cervical region of the root. In Model III, the root of the abutment displaced to mesiobucally at apical region of the root and more displaced and twisted in clockwise at cervical region of the root.