• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.12-19
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• 2021

Objective: The objectives of the current study were to study the main environmental factors affecting birth weight (BW) and weaning weight (WW), estimate variance components, genetic parameters and genetic trend and to evaluate the variability and relationships among breeding value of BW and WW using principal components analysis (PCA). Methods: A total of 16,370 records were collected from 8,271 buffalo calves. Genetic parameters and breeding values were estimated using a bivariate animal model which includes direct, maternal and permanent maternal effects. These estimates were standardized and used in PCA. Results: The direct heritability estimates were 0.06 and 0.41 for BW and WW, respectively whereas direct maternal heritability values were 0.03 and 0.14, respectively. Proportions of variance due to permanent environmental effects of dam were 0.455 and 0.280 for BW and WW respectively. The genetic correlation between BW and WWs was weak approaching zero, but the maternal correlation was 0.26. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) were estimated utilizing the standardized breeding values according to Kaiser method. The total variance explained by the first two PCs was 71.17% in which 45.91% and 25.25% were explained by PC1 and PC2, respectively. The direct breeding values of BW were related to PC2 but those of WW and maternal breeding values of BW and WWs were associated with PC1. Conclusion: The results of genetic parameters and PCA indicate that BW and WWs were not genetically correlated and improving growth traits of Egyptian buffaloes could be achieved using WW without any adverse effect by BW.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.68-73
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• 2015

With the changes in the pharmacy curriculum from a 4 year program to a 6 year program in 2009, a new subject called Pharmacy Practice Experience (PPE) has been launched into the curriculum. The purpose of introducing this subject is to increase the competency of new pharmacy graduates in providing quality healthcare to the community. This study has been done, via comparison among different pharmacy schools in Canada and Korea, to ensure that the competency of future Korean pharmacists can be increased with the introduction of this subject. In general, the Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience (IPPE) in Korea consists of 60 hours while Canada consists of 320 hours (minimum). Furthermore, the Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) required in Korea is 1340 hours while Canada requires minimum of 960 hours. Specifically, comparing the Korean PPE curriculum to the PPE curriculums of University of Toronto (UT) and University of Waterloo (UW), UT and UW required a minimum of 75% and 89% direct clinical patient care experience respectively, either in hospital or community setting, compared to 45% in Korea; the remaining percentage in any of the universities can be fulfilled by taking other electives that may not require direct patient care experience. Observing these differences, it seems clear that the current PPE experience in Canada takes more of a patient focused approach than in Korea. Thus, with the recent movement in the Korean pharmacy community towards a more patient focused approach rather than a product focused approach, it would be beneficial to learn the differences between the PPE curriculums in Korea and Canada and apply any new understandings to the relatively newly introduced PPE program in Korea to further enhance the value of the new curriculum in helping to deliver quality patient care.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.51-72
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to compar self-reported fatigue and fatigue-regulating behaviors of rheumatoid arthritic patients and normal persons. This study collected the data from 75 rheumatoid arthritic patents visited the departments of internal medicine or orthopedics of four general hospitals T-city and K-city by means of direct interview and questionnaires. in this study also collected data from 75 normal persons who had not been exposed to any other disease in T-city and K-city by means of direct interviews anti questionnaires which were conducted by two trained nurses. This experiment was conducted from August 1, 1998 to October 15, 1998. This study used both MAP(Multi-Dimentional Assessment of Fatigue) developed by Belza(1995) to measure fatigue and the measurement developed by Kwon, Young-Eun to investigate fatigue regulating behaviors. The collected materials were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, t-test, and the ANCOVA according to the SPSS PC+ program. The findings are as follows : 1. There was the statistically significant difference(t =5.07, p=.000), between rheumatoid arthritic patients(32.76 points) and normal persons(25.81 points) in t-test comparison by group about fatigue. A fatigue degree of rheumatoid arthritic patient group was high in five kinds of lower realms such as common fatigue degree, fatigue severity to be experienced, distress due to fatigue, daily fatigue degree, and fatigue timing at the last week by dimension. 2. There was the significant difference in the number of fatigue-regulating behaviors between rheumatoid of fatigue arthritic patients(9.37 times) and normal persons (8.15 times), but there wasn't any significant difference in the efficiency between rheumatoid arthritic patients(2.85 points) and normal persons (2.78 points) This research suggests two kinds of things as follows : 1. It is necessary to develop an educational program for improving efficiency of fatigue-regulating behaviors as well as some nursing arbitration measures for reducing fatigue of rheumatoid arthritic patients. 2. It is necessary for the future studies to continuously grasp characteristics of fatigue by gender variable by selecting more rheumatoid arthritic male patients.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.214-224
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• 2015

본 연구는 청소년의 다문화경험이 다문화인식과 고정관념에 미치는 직접효과와 다문화경험이 다문화인식을 매개로 고정관념에 미치는 간접효과의 검증을 통하여 인과관계를 분석하였다. 연구의 목적달성을 위해 경남지역 중학교 6개교 재학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 그 중 332부를 구조방정식모형을 적용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과는 첫째, 다문화경험이 다문화인식에 개방성에 긍정적 영향을, 타문화거부와 타문화에 대한 편견에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 다문화에 대한 개방성은 고정관념에 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 타문화에 대한 편견, 타문화에 대한 거부는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 다문화경험이 고정관념에 직접적인 영향은 미치지 않지만 다문화인식을 통한 간접효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 도출된 연구결과를 통해 다문화가정 청소년을 위한 학교교육의 방향 및 정책적 시사점과 다문화가정 청소년의 개입을 위한 사회복지적 제언을 제공하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제27권7B호
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• pp.706-718
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• 2002

In bluetooth system, there are two kinds of interference. One is the frequency static interference, for example 802.11 direct sequence, the interferer uses fixed frequency band. Another is frequency dynamic interference, for example other piconets or 802.11 frequency hopping, the interferer uses dynamic frequency channel and cant be estimated. In this paper we introduce a novel solution of hybrid method of Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) and Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) to address the coexistence of bluetooth and Direct Sequence of wireless local area network (WLAN). Before any bluetooth packet transmission, in the turn around time of the current slot, both the sender and receiver sense the channel whether there is any transmission going on or not. If the channel is busy, packet transmission is withdrawn until another chance. This is the LBT in Bluetooth. Because of asymmetry sense ability of WLAN and bluetooth, AFH is introduced to combat the left front-edge packet collisions. In monitor period of AFH, LBT is performed to label the channels with static interference. Then, all the labeled noisy channels are not used in the followed bluetooth frequency hopping. In this way, both the frequency dynamic and frequency static interference are effectively mitigated. We evaluate the solution through packet collision analysis and a detail realistic simulation with IP traffic. It turns out that the hybrid method can combat both the frequency dynamic and frequency static interference. The packet collision analysis shows it almost doubles the maximal system aggregate throughput. The realistic simulation shows it has the least packet loss.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.390-397
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• 2022

The use of microwaves as the energy source for synthesis and sintering of ceramics offers substantial advantages compared to conventional gas-fired and electric resistance furnaces. Benefits include much shorter processing times and reaching the sintering temperature more quickly, resulting in superior final product quality. Most oxide ceramics poorly interact with microwave irradiation at low temperatures; thus, a more complex setup including a susceptor is needed, which makes the whole process very complicated. This investigation pursued a new approach, which enabled us to use microwave irradiation directly in poorly coupled oxides. In many solid-state electrochemical devices, the support is either metal or can be reduced to metal. Metal powders in the support can act as an internal susceptor and heat the entire cell. Then sufficient interaction of microwave irradiation and ceramic material can occur as the sample temperature increases. This microwave heating and exothermic reaction of oxidation of the support can sinter the ceramic very efficiently without any external susceptor. In this study, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and a Ni-YSZ cermet support were used as an example. The cermet was used as the support, and a YSZ electrolyte was coated and sintered directly using microwave irradiation without the use of any susceptor. The results were compared to a similar cell prepared using a conventional electric furnace. The leakage test and full cell power measurement results revealed a fully leak-free electrolyte. Scanning electron microscopy and density measurements show that microwave sintered samples have lower open porosity in the electrode support than conventional heat treatment. This technique offers an efficient way to directly use microwave irradiation to sinter thin film ceramics without a susceptor.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.630-642
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• 2007

In this paper, we propose a direct model reference adaptive fuzzy control (MRAFC) for MIMO nonlinear systems whose structure is represented by the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model. The adaptive law of the MRAFC estimates the approximation error of the fuzzy logic system so that it provides asymptotic tracking of the reference signal for the systems with uncertain or slowly time-varying parameters. The developed control law and adaptive law guarantee the boundedness of all signals in the closed-loop system. In addition, the plant state tracks the state of the reference model asymptotically with time for any bounded reference input signal. To verify the validity and effectiveness of the MRAFC scheme, the suggested analysis and design techniques are applied to the tracking control of robot manipulator and simulation studies are carried out. In the control design, the MRAFC is combined with feedforward PD control to make the actual joint trajectories of the robot manipulator with system uncertainties track the desired reference joint position trajectories asymptotically stably.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2005년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.521-524
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• 2005

In order to measure ECG in daily life, a new ECG measurement method on bed was developed. The provided method does not require any direct conductive contact between the instrument and bare skin, so that it does not cause the uncomfortable feel of touch and the possible skin trouble which are typical shortcomings of the conventional conductive contact ECG measurement. The provided method utilized an array of high-input-impedance active electrodes fixed on the mattress and an indirect-skin-contact ground made of a large conductive textile sheet and laid on lower area of the mattress. A thin cotton bedcover covered the mattress, the electrodes, and the conductive textile and subjects lay on the mattress over the bedcover. ECG was obtained successfully. However its signal quality is lower and the motion artifact is larger than direct-contact measurement. Careful measurement setup was needed to reduce the motion artifact originated from variation in static electricity. From the ECG obtained by the provided method, R-peak could be discriminated easily and the information about the position and the posture of the subject could be obtained.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.143-146
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• 2015

In this report, we present a scalp defect reconstruction with lateral arm free flap. We highlight the difficulty in obtaining a recipient vein and the venous drainage managed through an open end of the donor vein. A 52-year-old woman presented with a pressure sore on the left scalp. A lateral arm free flap was transferred to cover this $8{\times}6cm$ defect. The arterial anastomosis was successful, but no recipient vein could be identified within the wound bed. Instead, we used a donor venous end for the direct open venous drainage. In order to keep this exposed venous end patent, we applied heparin-soaked gauze dressing to the wound. Also, the vein end was mechanically dilated and irrigated with heparin solution at two hour intervals. Along with fluid management and blood transfusion, this management was continued for the five days after the operation. The flap survived well without any complication. Through this case, we were able to demonstrate that venous congestion can be avoided by drainage of the venous blood through an open vessel without the use of leeches.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.24-32
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• 1996

Most of the research of small engines to date focused on developing spark ignition engines occupied much parts. Recently the number of a small direct injection diesel engine applied in small cars has been increased and considered as a next generation power source for passenger cars because of its high efficiency. Therefore the combustion chamber becomes smaller and the fuel injection pressure goes higher, which makes fuel sprays impinged easily on the combustion chamber walls. When strong swirls are not induced, the fuel may not mix with air because of fuel deposition on the wall. As a positive way, the combustion chamber systems which is using spray wall impaction has been introduced and assessed by an experimental or a simulate manner. In these systems the raised lands are positioned in tile chamber for spray impaction in order to break up the fuel drops into much smaller and direct them into desirable direction. This study addresses to the effects of rho position and size of the raised land or glow plug to help the chamber design using spray wall impaction. The characteristics of the spray impinged on various lands are investigated and compared with each other. Then the chamber shapes are discussed with the characteristics and their proper position and size is proposed in any chamber volume.