• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 1997

This study was designed to determine anxiety factors and levels of anxiety of foreign industrial workers. One hundred and seventy five workers were researched who were working in Guro Working Complex, Ansan City and Sungnam City Working Complex asking 60 questionnaires from Feb. 25, 1996 to April 12, 1996. The results were as follows ; 1. The 30.3% of foreign workers were from Nepal, 17.7% from Bangladesh, 10.9% from SriLanka, 14. 9% from Philippines, 1.1% from Ghana. 80% of foreign workers were male, 11.1% were single and most of them were in the age from 25 to 34. 37.1% of foreign workers had not lived in Korea less than 12 months, 58.8% graduated from college, 33.7% from high school, and more than half lived in a dormitory. 2. On the anxiety level related to subject workers' general characteristics, the anxiety level from Nepal recorded the highest point 2.70 statistically showing a significant difference(p=0.0003). On the physical anxiety level, the workers from Nepal recorded a significantly low point comparing with Jamaica, Burma, Vietnam and Nigeria(p=0.01). 3. Emotional anxiety level marked the highest on the workers living as a tenant comparing with the workers in dormitory. 4. On anxiety factors, the emotional anxiety recoded the highest, the social anxiety and the somatic anxiety. 5. On the relation between the anxiety factor, the somatic anxiety factor had a relation with emotional, environmental, and occupational factors and on the other relation between the anxiety factor and emotional factor had a relation with environmental, social, cultural factors. Moreover, the environmental factor had a relation with the cultural factor, social factor had a relation with the cultural factor, and cultural factor was related to the occupational factor.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1427-1430
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• 2015

Aim: To compare prevalence of anxiety in women with abnormal cervical cytology (Pap) undergoing colposcopy to that of women attending the outpatient clinic for check-up and to examine predicting factors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 100 women with abnormal cervical cytology (abnormal Pap group) and 100 women who attended our outpatient clinic for check-up (control group) were recruited from June 2013 to January 2014. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was employed to determine anxiety in the participants with the score of ${\geq}11$ suggestive of clinically significant anxiety. The prevalence of anxiety and the mean HADS scores for anxiety were compared between the groups. For those with abnormal Pap, association between clinical factors and anxiety was assessed. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Median age was different between the groups, 44.0 years in the abnormal Pap group and 50.0 years in the control group (p=0.01). The proportion of participants who had more than one sexual partner was higher in the abnormal Pap group, 39.2% vs. 24.7% (p=0.03) and the prevalence of anxiety was significantly higher 14/100 (14.0%) vs. 3/100 (3.0%) (p < 0.01). The prevalence of depression was comparable between the groups. The mean HADS scores for anxiety and depression subscales were significantly higher in the abnormal Pap group, 6.6 vs. 4.8 (P < 0.01) and 3.9 vs. 3.1 (p=0.05), respectively. For the abnormal Pap group, no definite association between clinical factors and anxiety was demonstrated. Conclusions: The prevalence of anxiety in women with abnormal Pap awaiting colposcopy was significantly higher than that of normal controls. Special attention including thorough counselling, with use of information leaflets and psychological support, should be directed to these women.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.241-244
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• 2011

Introduction: Intravenous sedation is performed to ensure smooth and safe surgery. Dental anxiety is a reaction to an unknown danger. The Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) can be used to simultaneously evaluate the levels of state and trait anxiety. State anxiety is defined as subjective feelings of nervousness. This study assessed the presurgical anxiety using STAI and performed intravenous sedation for patients whose level of state anxiety was > stage IV. Based on our clinical experience, it is believed that higher doses of sedatives are needed to induce the desired levels of sedation in patients with a high level of state anxiety. Objectives: This study examined whether the sedative consumption of the patient with a high anxiety level increased. Patients and Methods: Patients with state anxiety scores of ${\geq}$51 were included in Group V, and those with state anxiety scores ranging from 42 to 50 were placed in Group IV. To induce sedation, intravenous access was established, and a bolus dose of 3.0 mg midazolam was administered intravenously. Sedation was maintained by administering a continuous infusion of propofol, which was aimed at achieving an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale of 10-12/20. In this study, midazolam was initially administered when the body movements appeared to occur or the blood pressure increased. This was followed by the administration of higher doses of propofol if low sedation was observed. Results: There were no significant differences in the patient demographics, duration of sedation, and doses of local anaesthetic agents between Groups IV and V. The midazolam dose and mean propofol dose needed to maintain comparable levels of sedation were significantly higher in Group V than in Group IV. Conclusion: In female patients, whose level of preoperative state anxiety is more than Stage V of STAI, a large quantity of sedatives is needed for intravenous sedation.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.212-220
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• 1999

This study was designed to determine anxiety factors and levels of anxiety of foreign industrial workers. One hundred and seventy five workers were researched who were working in Guro Working Complex, Ansan City and Sungnam City Working Complex asking 60 questionnaires from Feb. 25, 1996 to April 12, 1996. The results were as follows ; 1. The 30.3% of foreign workers were from Nepal. 17.7% from Bangladesh 10.9% from Srilanka, 14.9% from Philippines, 1.1% from Ghana. 80% of foreign workers were male, 77.7% were single and most of then were in the age from 25 to 34. 37.1% of foreign workers had not lived in Korea less than 12 months, 58.8% graduated from college, 33.7% from highschool, and more than half lived in a dormitory. 2. On the anxiety level related to subject workers' general characteristics, the workers level from Nepal recorded the highest point 2.70 statistically showing a significant difference(P=0.0003). On the physical anxiety level, the workers from Nepal recorded a significantly low point comparing with Jamaica, Burma, Vietnam and Nigeria(P=0.01). 3. Emotional anxiety level marked the highest on the workers living as a tenant comparing with the workers in dormitory. 4. On anxiety factors, the emotional anxiety recoded the highest, the social anxiety and the somatic anxiety. 5. On the relation between the anxiety factor, the somatic anxiety factor had a relation with emotional, environmental, and occupational factors and on the other relation between the anxiety factor and emotional factor had a relation with environmental, social, cultural factors. Moreover, the environmental factor had a relation with the cultural factor, social factor had a relation with the cultural factor, and cultural factor was related to the occupational factor.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.435-456
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• 2013

This study examined the factors influencing aging anxiety among college students. 336 college students from universities in Seoul and Gyeonggi-Do were participated in the survey. Regression analyses confirmed that variables influencing 4 dimensions of aging anxiety are different. Quality of contact and attitude toward elderly predicted 'Fear of Old People' dimension. As for 'Psychological Concerns', death anxiety, attitude toward elderly and Quality of contact were influencing factors. Death anxiety, Quality of contact and sex was significant factors predicting. 'Physical/Appearance anxiety'. As for Fear of Losses, Death anxiety and attitude toward elderly affect. On the whole college students' aging anxiety tended to increase as having lower death anxiety, positive quality of contact, positive attitude towards elderly. And female has higher Physical/ Appearance anxiety than male. whereas results have not found a correlation between either knowledge of aging and frequency of contact with aging anxiety. Discussion focuses on the importance of the findings, limitations and future directions.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-29
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• 2005

This research examined the effect of social anxiety on psychological adaptation. Higher the social anxiety, higher in neurotism & worry but lower in Psychological Well-Being and Satisfaction with Life. Among the sub-factors of social anxiety, negative adaptation was significantly predicted by personal anxiety. However positive adaption were predicted by personal anxiety, fairness anxiety and future anxiety. Among the sub-dimensions of social anxiety, negative and positive adaptation were significantly predicted only by anticipatory anxiety. And there were significant positive correlations between social anxiety and aggressive/give-up response. Particularly, personal anxiety was the predictor of aggressive response, but safe anxiety and political anxiety were the predictors of give-up response. The dimension predicted the aggressive/give-up response was anticipatory anxiety dimension. Finally, respondents used problem solving stress coping strategy most. But the respondents whose social anxiety level especially safe anxiety and political anxiety were high used wishful thinking strategy. Moreover higher the reactive anxiety level, more frequently used the avoidance coping strategy.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.156-166
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• 1992

The authors studied anxiety, using Zung's self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), in the subjects of 127 male and 38 female patients with anxiety disorder. The authors investigated 165 patients in Yeungnam university hospital from January, 1987 to June, 1991. In order to analyze the data on anxiety scores Pearson's product moment coefficient correlation method and factor analysis were carried out by SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows : There was significant difference in the mean averages of total anxiety scores among patients with anxiety, disorder and male and female college freshmen: patients with anxiety disorder scored $42.40{\pm}7.74$, male students scored $32.91{\pm}5.70$, female students scored $34.48{\pm}6.00$. The anxiety scores relating to the items of body aches & pains, fatigue, anxiousness, panic, and urinary frequency were relatively high in patients with anxiety disorder. The anxiety scores on the items of restlessness, apprehension, dyspnea, sweating, and insomnia were relatively low in patients with anxiety disorder. Twenty-nine anxiety disorder group(17.5%) showed significantly high anxiety scores of 50 or over. The inter-rater reliability of Zung's self-rating anxiety scale was 0.71.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.161-178
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• 1991

This study was designed to investigate the effect of test anxiety, intelligence, and item arrangement order on test performance in Earth Science. The main purposes in this study were to investigate (1) (2) (3) (4) on test performance.: (1) the effect of test anxiety components on test performance in Earth Science. (2) the effect of item arrangement order on test performance in Earth Science. (3) the effect of test anxiety This study was designed to investigate the effect of test anxiety, intelligence, and item arrangement order on test performance in Earth Science. The main purposes in this study were to investigate (1) (2) (3) (4) on test performance.: (1) the effect of test anxiety components on test performance in Earth Science. (2) the effect of item arrangement order on test performance in Earth Science. (3) the effect of test anxiety components on test performance in Earth Science according to learner's intelligence levels. (4) test effect of item arrangement order on learner's intelligence. The hypothesis was that there is difference among test achievements scores according to (1) test anxiety-worry levels. (2) item arrangement orders. (3) item arrangement orders on test anxiety-worry levels. (4) test anxiety-worry levels on intelligence levels. (5) test anxiety-emotionality levels. (6) item arrangement orders on test anxiety-emotionality levels. (7) test anxiety-emotionality levels on intelligence levels. (8) item arrangement orders on intelligence levels. The test items selected for this study were derived from the text Science (part 1) first grade of high school. The subjects of this study were 164 of high school first grade boy students in Pusan. They were assigned to one of the three groups, according to test anxiety levels.: (1) upper 25% of total subjects designated to high group (2) middle 50% (3) low group, lower 25% of total subjects And according to LQ. (1) upper 25% of total subjects designated to high group. (2) middle 50%. (3) low group, lower 25% of total subjects Analysis of variance was used in this study for hypothesis examination. The dependent variable was the achievement scores of Earth Science test and independent variables were test anxiety(worry, emotionality) level, LQ. level, item arrangement orders. The principal findings of the present study are as follows: (1)Test achievement score trend decreases as the test anxiety (worry, emotionality) increases although the result is not statistically significant. (2)There is no significant difference among test achievement scores according to item arrangement orders. (3)The higher the LQ. is, the more effective test anxiety. And the LQ. has significant interaction effect with test anxiety. (4)There is significant interaction effect between the LQ. levels and itemqr arrangement orders.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.131-143
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• 1974

Antenatal care is zoomed toward3 assisting the Individual to achieve safe and wholesome state of health during pregnancy. Nature of fear is assumed to be rooted to complex interaction between past experiences, human relationship and present state of health, however. specific relationship between fear and the variables have not yet been ascertained. This study is designed to investigate the nature of fear of pregnancy, and the correlation between fear and the personal and environmental variables such as personal characteristics past experiences. and psycho-social factors. During the period from October 23 to November 5, 215 pregnant and 104 non-pregnant women of similar chronological are group residing in Seoul were interviewed according to check-list by random General anxiety test, general personality test and test for fear of pregnancy, family according to specific variables such as past experiences of Pregnancy and childbirth, structure of family, family relationship and month of pregnancy was done to the group of pregnant women. To non-pregnant group, general anxiety test was performed to compare with pregnant group. Results of the study are as follows; 1. Hypothesis 1; Degree of general anxiety will be higher e pregnant women compared to that of non-pregnant women. There is no significant difference between the general anxiety of pregnant women and that of non-pregnant women. Therefore, hypothesis I is rejected. 2. Hypothesis 2: Fear of pregnancy and general anxiety will be correlated with personality factors. Through test for fear of pregnancy and general anxiety, a meager contra-correlation between fear and only two personal factors (R and E factor) is revealed but there is no significant correlation between fear and other personal factors (A.S. and T factor). Degree of fear of pregnancy tends to b: higher in the group with low personality factors; responsibility and emotional stability expect the correlation between ascendancy, sociability, and confidence-inferiority. non-significant. Through general anxiety test, level of general anxiety tends to be higher in the group. with low personality factors; responsibility. emotional stability, and confidence except ascendency and sociability, non-significant. Hypothesis 2 is partially supported. 3. Hypothesis 3; General anxiety and fear of pregnancy will be correlated with the past experience-ol pregnancy, and child-birth experience. Though general anxiety test and test for fear of pregnancy, non-significant difference is revealed by P〉.05 level Hypothesis 3 is rejected. 4. Hypothesis 4: General anxiety and fear of pregnancy will be correlated with the month at pregnancy will be correlated with the month of pregnancy. Through tests of general anxiety and fear, significant correlation is revealed degree of fear by-P〈.05 level (CR=1.98) and level of general anxiety by P〈.005 level (CR=3. 11) is higher in the earlier stage of pregnancy. Hypothesis 4 is supported. 5. Hypothesis 5, 6, 7; General anxiety and fear of pregnancy will be correlated with socio-economic status, family structure, and family relationship. Through general anxiety test and tear of pregnancy test, non-significant is revealed by P〉.05 level. Hypothesis 3.6.7 are rejected. Conclusion and recommendation Level of general: anxiety and degree of fear of pregnancy is shown not to be correlated with variables of past experiencers of pregnancy and child-birth. and family factors except the month of - pregnancy. Personal characteristics are shown to be partially contra-correlated meagerly with genera anxiety and fear of pregnancy. This study revealed contrasted results, in regard to presence of correlation between general anxiety and fear of pregnancy to other thesis. In this context. further studies under controlled environment is recommended.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.130
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• pp.135-159
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• 2014

This article has the purpose of clarifying that Rollo May's existential psychotherapy is based on Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety in philosophical aspects. May makes use of Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety to establish his own existential psychotherapy. May points out that Freud's concept of anxiety is too technical in comparison with Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety. Freudian theory accepting anxiety as the cause of repression overlooks the importance of human relationship which brings about repression. May mentions the presence or absence of object to distinguish fear and anxiety. Kierkegaard and Freud also mention that the presence of object is called fear and the absence of object is anxiety. May interprets anxiety ontologically. Succeeding Kierkegaard's comment on nothing/non-being, May insists that anxiety is the experience of Being affirming itself against Nonbeing. May interprets Kierkegaard's concept of freedom as the possibility or potentiality in terms of similar meaning. May argues that Anxiety is the situation when faced with the problem which human being will achieve his potentiality. Kierkegaard's concept of freedom is also associated with sin at the same time as the freedom associated with anxiety. Succeeding this, May discusses the relation of guilt feeling and anxiety is the flipside of the coin. He understands that guilt feeling is not a pathological symptom but an evidence of the human being's possibility. Kierkegaard's The Concept of Anxiety has a sub-title which is 'a simple psychologically orienting deliberation on the dogmatic issue of hereditary sin'. This shows that he understood the relationship between anxiety and guilt as dilemma that can not be separated. Through this study, I want to clarify that May's concept of anxiety which is the most important concept in his existential psychotherapy, is derived from Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety.