• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.154-165
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• 2003

Objective : to research the trend of the study related to Bee venom and o establish the hereafter direction for the study on Bee Venom therapy. Methods : We reviewed the domestic papers published last ten years(1992-2001). Results: 1.We have searched 53 papers in 7 journals and the pattern of study was as follow: the experimental studies were 33, the clinical studies were 10 and the reviewed studies were 10. 2. The experimental studies were 2 papers of analysis of Bee Venom, 3 papers of safety assessment, 1 paper on production of antibody against Bee Venom and 26 paper of safety assessment. 3. Bee Venom used in studies was made in Korea, China and U.S.A.. There were differences of component and effect according to the place of production. 4. There were the experimental studies of LD50 in mouse, acute toxicity, local irritation test, antigenicity and pyrogen test of Bee Venom. Conclusions : We need more studies of unification of term about Bee Venom, difference according to the place of production, clinical safety and effects.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2003

Among the panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Toxoplasma gondii, mAb of Tg621 (Tg621) clone blotted 38 kDa protein which localized in the cytoplasm of tachyzoites by immunofluorescence microscopy The protein was not released into the parasitophorous vacuole during or after invasion. The cDNA fragment encoding the protein was obtained by screening a T. gondii cDNA expression library with Tg621. The full length cDNA sequence was completed with 5’-RACE as 1,592 bp, which contained open reading frame of 942 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence of Tg621 consisted of a polypeptide of 313 amino acids, with significant homology to ribosomal P proteins (RPP) of other organisms especially high to those of apicomplexan species. The expressed and purified TgRPP was assayed in western blot with the sera of toxoplasmosis patients and normal sera, which resulted in the 74.0% of positive reactions in toxoplasmosis patients whereas 8.3% in normal group. Therefore, the antibody formation against TgRPP in toxoplasmosis patients was regarded as specific for T. gondii infection and suggested a potential autoantibody.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2009

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the phenylalanine catabolic enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). The use of phenylalanine ammonia-lase (PAL) by oral and parenteral routes as a therapeutic drug for PKU has been severely limited due to inactivation by intestinal proteolysis and immune reactions. PEGylation was applied to PAL to reduce the degrees of antigenicity and proteolytic inactivation. Kinetic experiments with native PAL and pegylated PALs were performed, and pH stability, temperature stability, and protease susceptibility were evaluated. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out to measure the immune complex between pegylated PALs and antiserum that had been extracted from a PAL-immunized mouse. Pegylated PAL, especially branched pegylated PAL (10 kDa, 1:32), was more active for phenylalanine and more stable in pancreatic proteases than native PAL. Native PAL was optimal at pH 8.5, corresponding to the average pH range of the small intestine; the same finding was noted for pegylated PALs. All linear and branched pegylated PALs had low reactivity with mouse antiserum, especially the 1:16 formulation with linear 5-kDa PEG and the 1:32 formulation with branched 10-kDa PEG. Therefore, we suggest the 1:32 formulation with branched 10-kDa PEG as the most promising formulation for enzyme replacement therapy.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.198-205
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• 1996

Two proteases were partially characterized from culture filtrate of Mycobacterium, tuberculosis KIT110. Their molecular weights were approximately 200 and 180 kDa, respectively and they exhibited similar enzymatic characteristics. These enzymes were inhibited significantly by EDTA and to some extent by EGTA. Their activity was enhanced by $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ to some degree. However, $Cu^{2+}$ and $Ag^{2+}$ completely inhibited the enzyme activity at the concentration of 2.5 and 5 mM, respectively. The optimal pH was 7.0 and optimal temperature was around $40^{\circ}C$. These enzymes were rapidly inactivated at $80^{\circ}C$. Therefore, they were heat-labile, neutral metalloproteases. These enzymes exhibited antigenicity shown by their reacting with sera from the partients with pulmonary tuberculosis. These enzymes were able to degrade serum proteins including hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme and immunoglobulin G and structural matrix protein such as type I collagen. Therefore, these enzymes may be thought to contribute to tissue necrosis and pathogenesis during infection.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2020

Sarcocystosis was diagnosed worldwide by serodiagnostic tests utilising the whole parasite, for which the protozoa were maintained in vitro are more costly. In this study, antigenicity of Sarcocystis falcatula recombinant protein (rSfSAG4) was investigated towards the local communities of Pangkor and Tioman Islands and its seroprevalence was surveyed in these islands. A total of 348 human sera were tested using rSfSAG4 by Western blot and ELISA. High prevalence of sarcocystosis was observed in Tioman Island (80.6%) than in Pangkor Island (50.0%) by Western blot. In ELISA, the seroprevalence observed in Tioman Island was 45.9%, whereas in Pangkor Island 63.0%. In other parasitic infections, the prevalence was 34.0% by Western blot and 46.0% by ELISA. In healthy control group, 7% by Western blot and 8% by ELISA showed positivity to rSfSAG4. It is suggested SfSAG4 is a candidate antigen to measure seroprevalence of sarcocystosis.

• 약학회지
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.53-57
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• 2016

This study was performed to examine the skin phototoxicity of purified bee venom (Apis mellifera L.) collected using bee venom collector. To confirm whether the gel containing purified bee venom (BV gel) causes photototoxicity when used for the skin medicinal products, phototoxicity testing was conducted using guinea pig models. The BV gel (0.1 ml/site) was administered transdermally to guinea pigs. 8-MOP was used to introduce positive control response. After administration, the guinea pigs were irradiated with UVA ($15J/cm^2$) with doses based on standard phototoxicity study guidelines. In the weight measurement and clinical observation, BV gel groups didn't show any significant changes compared with control group. BV gel groups did not show any symptoms such as erythema and edema formation of skin. This study demonstrated that BV gel has promising potential external treatment for topical uses that do not induce significant levels of skin phototoxicity.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.223-229
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• 1990

A splenectomized 5-month-old calf was inoculated with cryopreserved Theileria sergenti infected blood originated from naturally infected Korean native cattle in Chonbuk district. At peak parasitemia (40.1%), blood was collected, washed, lysed and then the T sergenti merozoite was isolated by differential centrifugation. Antigenic profile of isolated T sergenti organism was analized by SDS-PAGE and western blotting techniques. Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE gel revealed at least twelve protein bands of approximately 14Kd, 28Kd, 30Kd, 34Kd, 36Kd, 38Kd, 41Kd, 56Kd, 66Kd, 72Kd, 97Kd and 116Kd in the merozoite homogenate. In western blot, although T sergenti antigen recognized by specific anti-T sergenti antibodies demonstrated 28Kd, 30Kd, 38Kd, 56Kd, 58Kd, 66Kd, 97Kd and 116Kd proteins. False positive reactions were also observed in normal bovine serum with T sergenti and normal erythrocytic antigens. Therefore, predominant proteins of T sergenti merozoite antigen were found to be 28Kd, 30Kd, and 41Kd proteins of molecular weights. On going studies we will analyze the relative importance of those antigens for immunity of T sergenti in Korean native cattle.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권11호
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• pp.819-826
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• 2014

Protein modifications of recombinant pharmaceuticals have been observed both in vitro and in vivo. These modifications may result in lower efficacy, as well as bioavailability changes and antigenicity among the protein pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the contents of modification should be monitored for the quality and efficacy of protein pharmaceuticals. The interface of EPO and its receptor was visualized, and potential amino acids interacting on the interface were also listed. Two different types of modifications on the interface were identified in the preparation of rHu-EPO BRP. A UPLC/Q-TOF MS method was used to evaluate the modification at those variants. The modification of the oxidized variant was localized on the Met54 and the deamidated variants were localized on the Asn47 and Asn147. The extent of oxidation at Met54 was 3.0% and those of deamidation at Asn47 and Asn147 were 2.9% and 4.8%, respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2014

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of the introduction of polysaccharide chains onto the molecular surface of buckwheat proteins on buckwheat protein surface functionality. The whole buckwheat protein fraction (WBP) was prepared using 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 0.5 M NaCl and covalently linked with 6 kDa, 17.5 kDa, 40 kDa, 70 kDa, or 200 kDa dextran by Maillard-type glycation through controlled dry-heating at $60^{\circ}C$ and 79% relative humidity for two weeks. Conjugation with 40 kDa dextran improved the water solubility and emulsifying properties of WBP without causing a serious loss of available lysine; 84.9% of the free amino groups were conserved. In addition, we found that the introduction of dextran chains onto the molecular surfaces of WBP attenuated the antigenicity of WBP.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.234-242
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• 1999

To obtain the recombinant circumsporozoite (CS) protein for the diagnosis of patients and seroepidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria which have been prevalent in northern part of Kyonggido, the CS protein gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from genomic DNA of the Korean vivax malaria patient. The gene consists of 1,123 nucleotides except signal peptide sequences and had an uninterrupted reading frame encoding a protein of 374 amino acids with a central region of 20 tandem repeats of the nonapeptide. The CS protein gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, the molecular weight of recombinant CS protein was about 44 kDa (monomer) under denaturing purification and about 65 kDa (dimer) under native purification by SDS-PAGE. The purified recombinant CS protein which has antigenicity to malaria patients in Western blot analysis and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reacted only with the serum of P. vivax (PV210) infected malaria patients with no cross reaction to the P. falciparum malaria patient. The recombinant CS protein purified in this study will serve as a useful antigen to support the diagnosis of malaria patients and seroepidemiology.