• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1499-1513
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of dietary essential oils (EOs) on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolite profiles of broiler chickens and to compare their effectiveness as growth-promoting additives against antibiotics. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles were retrieved from Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google scholar and selected based on pre-determined criteria. A total of 41 articles containing 55 experiments with 163 treatment units were eligible for analyses. Data were subjected to a meta-analysis based on mixed model methodology considering the doses of EOs as fixed effects and the different studies as random effects. Results: Results showed a linear increase (p<0.001) on body weight gain (BWG) where Antibiotics (FCR) and average daily feed intake decreased (p<0.001) linearly with an increasing dose of EOs. Positive effects were observed on the increased (p<0.01) digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and cecal Lactobacillus while Escherichia coli (E. coli) population in the cecum decreased (p<0.001) linearly. There was a quadratic effect on the weight of gizzard (p<0.01), spleen (p<0.05), bursa of fabricius (p<0.001), and liver (p<0.10) while carcass, abdominal fat, and pancreas increased (p<0.01) linearly. The dose of EOs linearly increased high density lipoprotein, glucose, protein, and globulin concentrations (p<0.01). In comparison to control and antibiotics, all type of EOs significantly reduced (p<0.001) FCR and tended to increase (p<0.1) BWG and final body weight. Cinnamaldehyde-compound was the only EOs type showing a tendency to increase (p<0.1) carcass weight, albumin, and protein of serum metabolites while this EOs together with EOs-Blend 1 decreased (p<0.01) E. coli population. Low density lipoprotein concentration decreased (p<0.05) with antibiotics and carvacrol-based compound when compared to the control group. Conclusion: This evidence confirms that EOs are suitable to be used as growth promoters and their economical benefit appears to be promising.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.8.1-8.9
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• 2018

Background: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming has caused emergence of new pathogenic strains. The situation has warrented the development of safe and alternative growth promoters and immunity enhancers in livestock. Herbal additives in animal and bird feed is a centuries-old practice. Thus, the present study investigated the efficacy of a standardized formulation of lipophilic turmeric extract containing curcumin and turmerones, (TF-36), as a natural growth promoter poultry feed additive. Methods: The study was designed on 180 one-day old chicks, assigned into three groups. Control group ($T_0$) kept on basal diet and supplemented groups $T_{0.5}$ and $T_1$ fed with 0.5% and 1% TF-36 fortified basal diet for 42 days. Each dietary group consisted of six replicates of ten birds. Body weight, food intake, food conversion ratio, skin colour, blood biochemical analysis and antioxidant status of serum were investigated. Results: Body weight improved significantly in $T_1$ with a 10% decrease in FCR as compared to the control. TF-36 supplementation in $T_1$ enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity significantly (p < 0.05) with a decrease (p < 0.05) in lipid peroxidation. It also caused a slight yellow skin pigmentation without any change in meat color, indicating the bioavailability of curcumin from TF-36. However, no significant change in the concentration of serum creatinine, total protein and liver enzyme activities were observed, indicating the safety. Conclusion: In summary, we concluded that TF-36 can be a natural feed additive to improve growth performance in poultry, probably due to the better antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects contributed by the better bioavailability of curcuminoids and turmerones. Besides, curcuminoids and turmerones were also known to be gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory agents.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.242-250
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• 2016

Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) has been used to treat animal disease and to increase animal weight as growth promoter. However, abused usage of VAs can cause production of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment and additionally, residual of VAs in soil can be transferred into crops. Therefore, main objective of this research was to examine bioaccumulation of VAs in sprouts (red cabbage, Brassica Olearacea L. var. Capitata f. rubra and red radish, Raphanus sativus) with hydroponic method. Total of 7 VAs in 2 different classes of VAs (tetracyclcines: tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, sulfonamides: sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethiazole, macrolides: tylosin) were evaluated and experiment was conducted with solid phase extraction (SPE)/high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). Initial spiked concentration of 7 VAs was $5mg\;L^{-1}$ and cultivation period was 8 days. Result showed that growth of sprouts was inhibited about 23-27% when VAs was introduced. Amount of bioaccumulated VAs was also differed depending on class of VAs. The highest amount of bioaccmulated VAs was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole in each class with a concentration of 4.05, $7.73mg\;kg^{-1}$ respectively. Calculated transfer ratio of VAs into crops was also ranged 0.38-54.27%. Overall, bioaccumulation of VAs in crops can be varied depending on crop species and class of VAs. However, further research should be conducted to verify bioaccumulation of VAs in crops in the soil environment.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2010

CS682의 육계 및 이유자돈에서 사료첨가제로서의 기능성을 검정하기 위해 병아리에 28일간 0.1%, 1%의 농도로 사료에 첨가, 급여하여 질병예방기능, 성장기능, 사료효율기능 및 안전성 평가를 실시한 결과, 위장관계 기능 장애를 일으키지 않고, 생체대사에 영향을 미치지 않으면서 사료효율을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. CS682 투여 후 14일째에는 각 군 간에 증체량 및 사료효율에서 차이가 미미하였으나, 28일째에는 대조군에 비해 0.1%군은 115.64, 1%군은 122.49%의 사료효율을 보여 각 군 간에 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 그리고 28일째 각 군에서 채혈한 혈액의 기본 혈구검사를 실시한 결과 각 군 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않고 모두 정상 범위를 나타낸 것으로 보아 CS682는 생체대사에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 보인다. 또한 이유자돈에서 28일간 0.1%의 농도로 사료에 첨가, 급여하여 질병예방기능, 성장기능, 사료효율기능 및 안전성 평가를 실시한 결과에서 임상적으로 특이한 부작용 없이 대조군에 비하여 높은 사료효율을 나타냈다. 결론적으로 육계와 이유자돈에서 CS682의 사료첨가는 생체대사에 영향을 미치지 않고, 소화기 이상 증상을 유발하지도 않으면서 사료효율을 효과적으로 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과를 토대로 육계 및 이유자돈에서 안전하게 증체율 및 사료효율을 증가시킬 목적으로 CS682를 사료에 첨가하는 것이 효과적일 것으로 생각된다.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2024

본 연구의 목적은 개시체중 차이와 사료 내 신바이오틱스 첨가에 따른 이유자돈의 성장특성을 비교하는 것이다. 공시 돈은 총 80두로 4 처리 4 반복(반복당 5두)로 난괴법 배치를 하였고, 처리구는 1) 개시체중이 높고 아무것도 첨가하지 않은 사료 급여, 2) 개시체중이 낮고 아무것도 첨가하지 않은 사료 급여, 3) 개시체중이 낮고 항생제 0.2% 첨가 급여, 4) 개시체중이 낮고 신바이오틱스 0.2% 첨가 급여 등 4처리구 이다. 실험기간은 총 28일로 Phase I (d 0~14)과 Phase II (d 14~28)로 구분하여 진행하였다. 개시체중이 낮고 사료 내 항생제 및 신바이오틱스 첨가 급여한 AB 그룹과 Syn 그룹은 개시체중이 낮고 아무것도 첨가 급여하지 않은 NC 그룹에 비해 일당증체량이 유의적으로 높았으나 실험종료 시 체중은 유의적 차이가 없었다. 개시체중이 높고 아무것도 첨가 급여하지 않은 PC 그룹은 개시체중 및 종료 체중이 다른 그룹에 비해 유의적으로 높았고, 전체 실험기간 일일사료섭취량은 적고 일당증체량은 유의적으로 높아 사료요구율이 낮은 경향을 나타냈다. 따라서 항생제 또는 신바이오틱스의 사료 내 첨가는 개시체중에서 이미 유의미한 차이가 있는 경우, 이 차이를 극복할 수 있을 정도의 성장 촉진을 이루기는 어려울 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 더 정확한 결론을 도출하기 위해서는 생시체중 및 이유체중의 구간별 비교, 항생제와 신바이오틱스의 종류별, 농도별 비교, 육성 및 비육기간까지의 성장특성 비교 등 추가적인 실험이 요구된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2016

In recent years, various naturally occurring defence peptides such as plectasin have attracted considerable research interest because they could serve as alternatives to antibiotics. However, the production of plectasin from natural microorganisms is still not commercially feasible because of its low expression levels and weak stability. A tandemly arrayed plectasin gene (1,002 bp) from Pseudoplectania nigrella was generated using the isoschizomer construction method, and was inserted into the pPICZαA vector and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The selected P. pastoris strain yielded 143 μg/ml recombinant plectasin (Ple) under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. Ple was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 41 kDa. In vitro studies have shown that Ple efficiently inhibited the growth of several gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus suis and Staphylococcus aureus. S. suis is the most sensitive bacterial species to Ple, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg/ml. Importantly, Ple exhibited resistance to pepsin but it was quite sensitive to trypsin and maintained antimicrobial activity over a wide pH range (pH 2.0 to 10.0). P. pastoris offers an attractive system for the cost-effective production of Ple. The antimicrobial activity of Ple suggested that it could be a potential alternative to antibiotics against S. suis and S. aureus infections.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.425-430
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• 2006

Three hundred and sixty sexed 3-day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into six treatment groups (control, antibiotic and black cumin at four levels) of 60 birds each. Black cumin seeds at 0.5%, 1%, 2% or 3% and avilamycin at 10 mg/kgt were added to the basal diet and their effects determined on feed intake, daily live weight gain, feed conversion ratio and carcass characteristics. There were no significant differences in daily feed intake at 21 and 42 days (p>0.05). Average daily gain was significantly different between the treatments. The birds fed the diet containing 1% black cumin seeds and antibiotic were the highest average daily gain, followed by those the other treatment diets and negative control (p<0.05). From 1 to 42 days of age, feed conversion ratios were improved significantly by supplementation with 1% black cumin seeds and with antibiotic (p<0.05) by approximately 5% compared to the control group. Similarly, the highest cold carcass, thigh, breast, wing, neck and liver weights were observed in the 1% black cumin and antibiotic groups (p<0.05). Accordingly, 1% supplementation of black cumin seeds to diets could be considered as an alternative natural growth promoter for poultry instead of antibiotics.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.361-365
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• 2005

In this study, we chronicle the establishment of a novel transformation system for the unicellular marine green alga, Dunaliella salina. We introduced the CaMV35S promoter-GUS construct into D. salina with a PDS1000/He micro-particle bombardment system. Forty eight h after transformation, via histochemical staining, we observed the transient expression of GUS in D. salina cells which had been bombarded under rupture-disc pressures of 450 psi and 900 psi. We observed no GUS activity in either the negative or the blank controls. Our findings indicated that the micro-particle bombardment method constituted a feasible approach to the genetic transformation of D. salina. We also conducted tests of the cells' sensitivity to seven antibiotics and one herbicide, and our results suggested that 20 ${\mu}g$/ ml of Basta could inhibit cell growth completely. The bar gene, which encodes for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and confers herbicide tolerance, was introduced into the cells via the above established method. The results of PCR and PCR-Southern blot analyses indicated that the gene was successfully integrated into the genome of the transformants.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2010

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing Alisma canaliculatum, Viscum album and Cornus officinalis probiotics on the growth performance and immune response in growing pigs. This experiment was conducted using 120 pigs (crossing of Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire and castrated) which were assigned to 5 treatments in 3 replications with 8 pigs per replications. The dietary treatments were NC group (without antibiotics), PC group (basal+Oxytetracycline 50ppm), AC group (basal+A. canaliculatum 0.5%), VA group (basal+V. album 0.5%) and COP group (basal+C. officinalis probiotics 0.5%). The initial body weights of pigs were 35kg on average and the experiment lasted for 9 weeks. The experimental animals were kept in the pens following a completely randomized design. They were provided the diets adequate for grower stage as recommended by NRC (ME:3,265 kcal/kg and CP:16%). COP fed pigs showed lower weight gain up to 6 weeks of age compared to NC group and other groups without significant differences (P>0.05). The carcass weights of pigs fed VA and COP were significantly higher compared to NC group (P<0.05), Back fat thicknesses groups fed three different additives were higher than NC group and lower then PC group (P<0.05). Crude fat contents in loin meat were significantly lower in groups fed three different additives while moisture contents of those three groups were higher than other groups (P<0.05). The thiobarbituric acid reaction substance (TBARS) value measured at fresh and $2^{nd}$ weeks was lower in additives fed groups but no statistical differences were observed among the treatments (P>0.05). Significantly highest PUFA (16.42g/100g) and ${\omega}$-3 fatty acids (ALA, EPA and DHA) content of meat were observed in COP fed pigs compared to NC group (P>0.05), which might mean that three additives function to enhance serum IgG in pigs. In consequence, it can be suggested that AC, VA and COP may have a potential to replace antibiotics as growth promoter and immune enhancer in the diets for growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1131-1140
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• 2014

This research focused on the effects of different doses of Bacillus subtilis KN-42 on the growth performance, diarrhea incidence, faecal bacterial flora, and the relative number of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli in faeces of weaned piglets to determine whether the strain can serve as a candidate antimicrobial growth promoter. A total of 360 piglets (initial body weight $7.14{\pm}0.63$ kg) weaned at $26{\pm}2$ days of age were randomly allotted to 5 treatment groups (4 pens per treatment with 18 pigs per pen) for a 28-day trial. Dietary treatments were basal diet without any antimicrobial (negative control; NC), basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg feed of neomycin sulfate (positive control; PC) and basal diet supplemented with $2{\times}10^9$ (L), $4{\times}10^9$ (M) and $20{\times}10^9$ (H) CFU/kg feed of B. subtilis KN-42. During the overall period, average daily gain and feed efficiency of piglets were higher in groups PC, M, and H than those in group NC (p<0.05), and all probiotics and antibiotics groups had a lower diarrhea index than group NC (p<0.05). The 16S rDNA gene-based methods were used to analyze faecal bacterial flora on day 28 of experiment. The result of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that supplementation of B. subtilis KN-42 to the diet changed the bacterial communities, with a higher bacterial diversity and band number in group M than in the other four groups. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the relative number of Lactobacillus were higher in groups PC and H than in group NC (p<0.05), and the supplemented B. subtilis KN-42 to the diet also reduced the relative number of E. coli (p<0.05). These results suggest that dietary addition of B. subtilis KN-42 can improve the growth performance and gastrointestinal health of piglets.