• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.131-148
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• 2010

Piglet health at weaning is compromised due to several stress factors. Following the ban of antibiotic growth promoters new alternatives are required to control these problems. This paper reviews the evidence available for the use of spray dried animal plasma (SDAP) as an alternative to antibiotics in weaning pigs. Data from 75 trials in 43 publications involving over 12,000 piglets (mean values) have been used to calculate the performance responses of piglets according to several factors including SDAP origin, protein source from the control diet being replaced, dose of inclusion, age and weight of the piglets at weaning, sanitary conditions and simultaneous use or not of medication. Although the use of SDAP of all origins results in positive responses, it appears that plasma from porcine origin has the highest efficacy. This could be explained by the specificity of its IgG against porcine pathogens. During the first week post-weaning the response to plasma appears to increase with the inclusion dose, although over the two-week pre-starter period an optimal inclusion level of 4-8% is suggested. SDAP improves feed efficiency more markedly when the piglets are challenged with an experimental infection or when feed does not contain medication, which could be indicative of a lower expenditure of energy and nutrients to build an immune response against the challenge. There is evidence supporting that SDAP IgG and other bioactive substances therein prevent the binding of pathogens to the gut wall and reduce the incidence of diarrhoea in the post-weaning phase. Overall, plasma can be postulated as an excellent alternative to in-feed antimicrobials for piglets in the post-weaning phase.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2004

Antibiotic resistance is often associated with the production of inner membrane proteins (for example, AcrAB/TolC efflux pump) that are capable to extrude antibiotics, detergents, dyes and organic solvents. In order to evaluate the unknown MarB function of Escherichia coli, especially focused on the function of OmpF porin, several mutants were construted by T4GT7 transduction. MarA plays a major roles in mar (multiple antibiotic resistance) phenotype with AcrAB/TolC efflux pump in E. coli K-12. Futhermore, MarA decreases OmpF porin expression via micF antisense RNA. Expression of acrAB is increased in strains containing mutation in marR, and in those carrying multicopy plasmid expressing marA. MarB protein of E. coli K-12 showed its activity at OmpF porin & TolC protein as target molecule. Some paper reported MarB positively regulates OmpF function. MarA shows mar phenotype, and MarB along with MarA show decreased MIC through OmpF function. By this experiment, MarB could decrease MIC through the OmpF porin & TolC protein as target.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.764-770
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• 2006

Dihydrochalcomycin (GERI-155), produced by Streptomyces sp. KCTC-0041BP isolated from Korean soil, is a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic consisting of two deoxysugar moieties at C-5 and C-20 positions of a branched lactone ring. The cloning and sequencing of a gene cluster for dihydrochalcomycin biosynthesis revealed a 63-kb nucleotide region containing 25 open reading frames (ORFs). The products of all of these 25 ORFs playa role in dihydrochalcomycin biosynthesis and self-resistance against the compounds synthesized. At the core of this cluster lies a 39.6-kb polyketide synthase (PKS) region encoding eight modules in five giant multifunctional protein-coding genes (gerSI-SV). The genes responsible for the biosynthesis of deoxysugar moieties, D-chalcose and D-mycinose, and their modification and attachment were found on either side of this PKS region. The involvement of this gene cluster in dihydrochalcomycin biosynthesis was confirmed by disruption of the dehydratase (DH) domain in module 3 of the PKS gene and by metabolite analysis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.366-372
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• 2020

Since, side effects of antibiotics are frequently emphasized these days, their use is gradually diminishing, and alternative drugs are being developed. We have sought to reintroduce them as raw materials for human health as conventional 'weapons' that have been retired after their historical duties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of lincomycin (LIN), on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Our findings show that LIN potently inhibited production of LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), without cytotoxicity. Consistent with these findings, LIN strongly decreased protein expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Furthermore, LIN reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. To further elucidate the mechanisms of these inhibitory effects of LIN, we studied LPS-induced IκB-α degradation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. LIN suppressed downregulation of inhibitory κB (IκB-α) degradation, and the phosphorylation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Based on these results, we suggest that LIN may be considered a potential candidate as an anti-inflammatory cosmetic or a medicine for human health.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 1977

In previous paper, it was reported that antibiotic substance such as tetracycline and streptomycin were produced by S'. albus subsp. and S'. globosus. And increase of mycelial growth of two strains, antibiotic production, and changes of pH range are extended to approximately 110-130 hrs in fermenting medium, there-after they decreased with culture period exception of pH range. Two Streptomyces spp. required commonly 4-5% starch as carbon sources and 1.5-2.0% soybean meal as nitrogen sources. However, 0.005-0.01M potassium phosphate dibasic, calcium carbonate (6mg/ml in S.albus subsp. and 2mg/ml in S. globosus), 0.01-0.03M, magnesium sulgate and 0.01M ferric chloride showed as optimal concentration for the growth of 2 strains. Mineral compoments such as zinc, manganese, cobalt, sodium and copper at the level of 10/sup -4/ -10/sup -6/M were observed. Especially, zinc ion showed toxicity to the growth of 2 strains at 0.005M. In relation with pH, there is a little difference in mycelial growth with cultural initial pH.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2011

Of the 500 Actinomycetes isolates obtained from soil, one isolate grown on maltose as the sole carbon source produced compound BHK-P19, which inhibited the growth of multiple drug resistant P. aeruginosa 0245. Ultraviolet radiation mutagenesis curtailed production of BHK-P19. Mutation of the BHK-P19 producer using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine obviated the antibacterial activity to P. aeruginosa 0245, but not towards P. aeruginosa 0225. The mixing of BHK-P19 and BHK-S5 culture extracts inhibited P. aeruginosa 0254, 0225 and 1113. The combined application of BHK-P19 culture extract and Schizandra chinensis Baillon extract inhibited P. aeruginosa 0254, 0225, 0826, 1113, 1378, 1731 and 2492. Use of various concentrations of BHK-P19 culture extract and ampicillin markedly increased antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant P. aeruginose 1113.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1699-1713
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• 2020

Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common disease of dairy cattle causing economic losses due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk. The etiological agents include a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and can be either contagious (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) or environmental (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus uberis). Improving sanitation such as enhanced milking hygiene, implementation of post-milking teat disinfection, maintenance of milking machines are general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis, but treatment of active mastitis infection is dependant mainly on antibiotics. However, the extensive use of antibiotics increased concerns about emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and that led the dairy industries to reduce the use of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative therapies for prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis, particularly natural products from plants and animals, have been sought. This review provides an overview of bovine mastitis in the aspects of risk factors, control and treatments, and emerging therapeutic alternatives in the control of bovine mastitis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to examine O serotypes, colicin and hemolysin production. antibiotic susceptibility and haemagglutinating ability to animal erythrocytes among Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigeons in Taegu province. Of the 166 strains isolated, 28 strains (16.9%) were classified into 6 O serotypes and their types were O20(42.9%), O15(17.9%), O139(14.3%), O101(10.7%), O149(7.1%) and O8(7.1%). Of the 166 strains isolated, none was hemolytic and 3(1.8%) were colicinogenic. Antibiotic susceptibility test of Escherichia coli isolates was performed by the agar dilution method, using ampicillin, chloramphnicol, gentamicin, rifampicin, streptomycin (Sm), nalidixic acid, sulfadimethoxine and tetracycline (Tc). Forty four strains (26.5%) were resistant to one or more drugs and the most common resistance patterns were SmTc (27.3%). Of the 44 drug resistant strains, 6 strains haemagglutinated erythrocytes of chicken, guinea pig and 2 of the 6 strains agglutinated goose erythrocytes.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2004

The actinomycete strain PK-A41 was isolated from a soil sample from pepper fields in Ko-yang, Korea. The strain PK-A41 inhibited the mycelial growth of some plant pathogenic fungi and oomycete, Alternaria mali, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Magnaporthe grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phytophthora capsici. The presence of LL-diaminopi-melic acid in the cell wall extract and the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rDNA region of the strain PK-A41 was assigned to Streptomyces scabiei. Further morpho-logical, biochemical, and pathological analyses also confirmed the strain PK-A41 to be S. scabiei, which is pathogenic to potato tubers. The maximum antibiotic production of the strain PK-A41 was achieved when grown on the glycerol peptone broth (GPB) medium for 9 days.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.432-438
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• 2006

Twelve actinomycete strains were isolated from Egyptian soil. The isolated actinomycete strains were then screened with regard to their potential to generate antibiotics. The most potent of the producer strains was selected and identified. The cultural and physiological characteristics of the strain identified. the strain as a member of the genus Streptomyces. The nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene (1.5kb) of the most potent strain evidenced a 99% similarity with Streptomyces spp. and S. aureofaciens 16S rRNA genes, and the isolated strain was ultimately identified as Streptomyces sp. MAR01. The extraction of the fermentation broth of this strain resulted in the isolation of one major compound, which was active in vitro against gram-positive, gram-negative representatives and Candida albicans. The chemical structure of this bioactive compound was elucidated based on the spectroscopic data obtained from the application of MS, IR, UV, $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, and elemental analysis techniques. Via comparison to the reference data in the relevant literature and in the database search, this antibiotic, which had a molecular formula of $C_{19}H_{29}NO_2$ and a molecular weight of 303.44, was determined to differ from those produced by this genus as well as the available known antibiotics. Therefore, this antibiotic was designated Meroparamycin.