• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.48.1-48.12
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• 2022

Background: The poor intracellular concentration of enrofloxacin might lead to treatment failure of cow mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants (SASCVs). Objectives: In this study, enrofloxacin composite nanogels were developed to increase the intracellular therapeutic drug concentrations and enhance the efficacy of enrofloxacin against cow mastitis caused by intracellular SASCVs. Methods: Enrofloxacin composite nanogels were formulated by an electrostatic interaction between gelatin (positive charge) and sodium alginate (SA; negative charge) with the help of CaCl₂ (ionic crosslinkers) and optimized by a single factor test using the particle diameter, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), loading capacity (LC), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) as indexes. The formation mechanism, structural characteristics, bioadhesion ability, cellular uptake, and the antibacterial activity of the enrofloxacin composite nanogels against intracellular SASCVs strain were studied systematically. Results: The optimized formulation was comprised of 10 mg/mL (gelatin), 5 mg/mL (SA), and 0.25 mg/mL (CaCl₂). The size, LC, EE, PDI, and ZP of the optimized enrofloxacin composite nanogels were 323.2 ± 4.3 nm, 15.4% ± 0.2%, 69.6% ± 1.3%, 0.11 ± 0.02, and -34.4 ± 0.8 mV, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the enrofloxacin composite nanogels were spherical with a smooth surface and good particle size distributions. In addition, the enrofloxacin composite nanogels could enhance the bioadhesion capacity of enrofloxacin for the SASCVs strain by adhesive studies. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration, and minimum biofilm eradication concentration were 2, 4, 4, and 8 ㎍/mL, respectively. The killing rate curve had a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect as increasing drug concentrations induced swifter and more radical killing effects. Conclusions: This study provides a good tendency for developing enrofloxacin composite nanogels for treating cow mastitis caused by intracellular SASCVs and other intracellular bacterial infections.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.562-569
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• 2024

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes a devastating bacterial leaf blight in rice. Here, the antimicrobial effects of ᴰ-limonene, ᴸ-limonene, and its oxidative derivative carveol against Xoo were investigated. We revealed that carveol treatment at ≥ 0.1 mM in liquid culture resulted in significant decrease in Xoo growth rate (> 40%) in a concentration-dependent manner, and over 1 mM, no growth was observed. The treatment with ᴰ-limonene and ᴸ-limonene also inhibited the Xoo growth but to a lesser extent compared to carveol. These results were further elaborated with the assays of motility, biofilm formation and xanthomonadin production. The carveol treatment over 1 mM caused no motilities, basal level of biofilm formation (< 10%), and significantly reduced xanthomonadin production. The biofilm formation after the treatment with two limonene isomers was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, but the degree of the effect was not comparable to carveol. In addition, there was negligible effect on the xanthomonadin production mediated by the treatment of two limonene isomers. Field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) unveiled that all three compounds used in this study cause severe ultrastructural morphological changes in Xoo cells, showing shrinking, shriveling, and holes on their surface. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR revealed that carveol and ᴰ-limonene treatment significantly down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in virulence and biofilm formation of Xoo, but not with ᴸ-limonene. Together, we suggest that limonenes and carveol will be the candidates of interest in the development of biological pesticides.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.136-144
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• 2021

Background: Zinc is known for modulating antiviral and antibacterial immunity and regulating inflammatory response. This study aimed to examine the effect of zinc supplementation on clinical outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane library databases were searched for studies comparing zinc supplement group versus control group for clinical outcomes of COVID-19 up to November 3, 2020. The search results were updated on February 9, 2021. The meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.4 software. Results: Total 4 studies were included in this systematic review. The zinc administered group had a significantly lower mortality rate compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR] 0.63, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.53-0.75, p<0.001), with significantly higher discharge rate (OR 1.32, 95% Cl 1.15-1.52, p<0.001). However, there were no significant differences in the intensive care unit admission rate (OR 1.07, 95% Cl 0.26-4.48, p=0.92), mechanical ventilation rate (OR 0.80, 95% Cl 0.45-1.41, p=0.44), and length of hospital stay (mean difference 0.75, 95% Cl -0.64 to 2.13, p=0.29) between the two groups. Conclusion: The meta-analysis of zinc administration showed positive clinical effects on the discharge rate and mortality of COVID-19 hospitalized patients. However, large-scale randomized controlled trial should be conducted for zinc to be considered as one of the adjuvant treatments.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.671-676
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• 2014

It is known that bones get damaged by accidents and aging. Since the discovery of Bioglass, various kinds of ceramics have been also found to bond to living bone; some of these ceramics are already being clinically used as bone-repairing materials. In the present study, antibacterial calcium silicate gel ($Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel) was prepared by sol-gel method in order to control the microstructure, which is related to the dissolution rate and induction period of apatite formation in body environment. In addition, biological $Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ is tested. This was done to impart antimicrobial activity to the $30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$. Ag ion was added during sol-gel synthesis to replace the $H_2O$ added during the making of the $30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel, which has silver solutions of various concentration. After the sol-gel process, 1N-$HNO_3$ solution was used to wash the gel when synthesizing the gel, in order to maintain the porous structure and remove PEG, water soluble polymers. Then, the apatite forming ability of the sol-gel derived CaO-$SiO_2$ gels was investigated using simulated body fluid (SBF), which had almost the same ion concentration as that of human blood plasma. The gels were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM observation, XRD, and fluorescent microscopy. The apatite was successfully created even after washing the gel; apatite is present in an amorphous state, and was found to affect the concentration of the Ag ion in cells in MC3T3 live & dead assay results. From these results, it is suggested that a good material that can be used to repair defects of nature bone is $Ag-30CaO{\cdot}70SiO_2$ gel.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.110-115
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• 2018

본 연구는 천연물유래 구강건강소재로써 약용작물의 이용 가능성을 알아보기 위해 수행되었으며 네팔, 라오스, 몽골, 방글라데시, 베트남, 중국 등지에 자생하는 200여 종의 약용작물로부터 추출한 메탄올 추출물 중 인도감나무 줄기 추출물(1 mg/disc)이 P. gingivalis ATCC33277와 S. mutans ATCC25175에 대해 가장 우수한 항균활성을 나타내었으며 양성대조구로 사용한 chlorhexidine, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan과 유사한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 인도감나무 줄기 추출물은 P. gingivalis ATCC33277에 비해 S. mutans ATCC25175에 대해 높은 항균활성을 나타내었으며 P. gingivalis ATCC33277에 대해서는 살균작용(MBC, 0.4 mg/ml)을, S. mutans ATCC25175에 대해서는 정균작용을 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 인도감나무 줄기 추출물이 0.2-1.0 mg/ml 농도로 처리된 배양액에서 S. mutans ATCC25175의 바이오필름 생성율과 바이오필름 생성관련 유전자 comX의 발현은 추출물의 농도가 높아질수록 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 인도감나무 줄기 추출물은 치아우식증 원인균인 S. mutans ATCC25175에 대한 정균작용과 바이오필름 생성 억제능이 우수하기 때문에 천연물유래 구강건강소재로써 이용 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 1998

Citrus 펙틴을 효소로 가수분해시켜 얻은 펙틴 분해물이 35%가 되면서부터 항균력이 서서히 나타나기 시작하여 75% 이상에서는 급격히 증가하였으며 완전분해(100)%)된 펙틴 분해물을 배지에 2.0% 첨가하면 $35^{\circ}C$에서 24시간까지 Escherichia coli ATCC 11229의 생육을 완전히 억제하였다. 펙틴분해물의 항균력은 pH 4.9~5.5 범위에서 가장 좋았으며 균종별로는 젖산균을 제외한 대부분의 세균에 대하여 강한 항균력을 나타내었고 젖산균과 곰팡이류에 대해서는 항균효과가 약하였으며 효모에 대하여는 전혀 영향을 미치지 않았다. 즉, 대부분의 세균은 펙틴 분해물을 2.0~3.0% 첨가하므로써 $35^{\circ}C$에서 48시간까지 생육이 완전히 억제되었으나 Lactococcus Lactis ATCC 19435, Lactobacillus Bulgaricus, Pencillium funiculosum ATCC 11797은 대조구에 비하여 30~40% 만이 억제되었으며 Saccharomyces formosensis와 Saccharomyces cerevisiae는 전혀 영향을 받지 않았다. 한편, glycine, ethanol, sodium ascorbate, sodium chloride 또는 sodium acetate 등의 화학보존료를 병용하면 펙틴 분해물을 단독으로 사용하였을 때 보다 항균력이 상승하였다. 김치에 펙틴 분해물을 1.0% 첨가하여 $4^{\circ}C$에 저장하면 섭취하기에 알맞은 김치를 pH를 유지하는 기간이 대조군에 비하여 적어도 15일 이상 연장되었다. 또한 빵속에 펙틴분해물을 1.5% 첨가하면 $25^{\circ}C$에서 저장 4일째 대조구에 비하여 4 log cycles 그리고 저장 10일까지도 2 log cylces 정도 균의 성장이 억제되었다. 따라서, 펙틴 분해물은 천연식품보존제로 이용가능하며 특히, 젖산균이나 효모에 대해서는 항균작용이 미약하거나 없으므로 젖산균이나 효모를 이용하는 발효식품의 품질보존제로서 아주 유용할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 기존의 화학 보존료와 병용하므로써 화학 보존료의 첨가량을 감소시킬 수 있다는 점에서도 유용하다고 생각된다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.339-348
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• 2020

본 연구는 섬모시풀 70% 에탄올 추출물과 분획물에 대한 천연 화장품 소재의 가능성에 대해 조사하였다. 섬모시풀을 70% 에탄올 추출물과 헥산, 디클로로메탄, 에틸아세테이트, 부탄올 등의 순차적으로 용매별 분획을 제작하였다. DPPH과 ABTS 시험결과, 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 우수한 라디칼 소거 활성을 보였다. 항균활성은 Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes와 항생제내성균주에 대해서 paper disc 방법, 최소저해농도 및 생육억제율을 조사하였다. 그 결과, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, C. acnes 균주에 디클로로메탄과 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서 추출물과 다른 분획물에 비해 우수한 항균력을 확인하였다. 또한, 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 처리한 RAW 264.7 Cell에서 NO 생성 억제 활성을 확인하였다. 이로써 섬모시풀 추출물과 분획물은 세포독성이 없으며, 항산화, 항균 및 항염 효과를 보였다. 이 결과는 섬모시풀 추출물과 분획물이 항산화 활성을 가지는 효과적인 화장품 소재로 적용 가능하다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dyeability of silk fabrics with Humulus japonicus (Hwansam) extract which is a kind of weeds that grows wild in the suburbs. In the research, the general extract method was conducted with the extract from fresh herb of root-removed Humulus japonicus while we investigated the optimal dyeing conditions and dyeability depending on the changes of the kind of mordants, methods and temperature. The functional properties such as antibacterial activities, deodorization and UV protection were also reviewed. The ideal output, as a result, was shown at 100% of dye concentration, $90^{\circ}C$ of dyeing temperature and 40 minutes of dyeing time while in terms of dye uptake depending on the kind of mordants and methods, it was found that among four mordants of $SnCl_2$, $AlK(SO_4)_2$, $CuSO_4$, and $FeSO_4$ post-mordanting with $FeSO_4$ showed the best result. Color fastness to washing, dry cleaning and rubbing was found strong at grade 4-5 and the grade to light was as good as 3 while to perspiration was good at 4-5 as well. In aspects of functional properties, it showed excellent results of 99% deodorization rate, 98% UV protection rate and 99.9% bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.578-589
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• 2002

The purpose of this research was to analyze the residual water retention and to determine the number and species of microorganisms from the wet cotton fabrics in dehydration and drying process during washing. The drying rates of terrycloth and interlock knit under the rainy seasons were measured according to the dehydration and hanging methods, layers of fabric and pre-treatment agents. Microorganisms were isolated from the dried terrycloth by pure culture, and were identified by Biolog system. The results are as follow: The initial water retention of fabrics after dehydration decreased in the order of dripping>centrifuge>squeezing method, which affected the drying rate. The drying rates were faster by increasing surface area of fabrics. There was no significant difference in drying rate among the fabrics pre-treated with detergent, or fabric softener, or cationic surfactants such as Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB) and Benzalkonium chloride(BC). Puedomonas aureginosa was found in the fabrics treated with a powder-type detergent. On the other side, there was no growth of microorganism in the fabrics treated with a liquid-type detergent (containing antibacterial agent), CTAB and BC.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.23-34
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to explore the possibility utilizing Rhododedron brachycarpum as a new natural dye resource. It was dyed in silk fabric according to different dyeing conditions such as dye concentration, dye bath temperature, dyeing time and dye bath pH. The effect of the mordanting conditions were estimated as dyeability and color changes. Additionally, the colorfastness, antibacterial property, ultraviolet protection properties of the dyed and mordanted silk fabrics were examined. The water-soluble dye of Rhododedron brachycarpum extracted with distilled water was expressed as Yellow Red color. The dye-abilities of silk generally increased depending on the increasing values of dye concentration, dye bath temperature and dyeing duration. The highest K/S values were obtained at a dye concentration of 100% (v/v), a dye bath temperature of $90^{\circ}C$, a dyeing duration 120 minutes and a dyeing of pH 2. The light fastness of dyed and Cu mordanted silk fabrics were found to be 4 grade while Al, Fe mordanted silk fabrics were found to be 2~3 grade. The dry cleaning and rubbing fastness were excellent or good. The fade of washing fastness was not good, however, the stain of washing fastness was excellent. The dyed and Al, Cu mordanted silk fabrics indicated 99.9% reduction rate. The dyed and the mordanted fabrics showed very good ultraviolet protection factors.