• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.250-254
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• 2004

Background: It is necessary for human beings to uptake vitamin C through diet or supplements. It is also well-known that vitamin C plays an important role in the prevention of scurvy, enhancement of collagen synthesis and anti-tumor immune response. In addition, there are several recent reports regarding the effective role of vitamin C on the regulation of allergic responses, such as atopic dermatitis and asthma. However, the effective therapeutic and preventive measures using vitamin C are not established yet, since vitamin C is seriously unstable in aqueous solution. Therefore, we have investigated the best way to maintain the stability of vitamin C. Methods: After we making a mixture of polyphenol (0.001, 0.01, 0.1%) and vitamin C (1 mM), the mixtures were placed at room temperature both with/without light protection. And then the concentration of ascorbic acid was measured with HPLC. To analyze the in vivo effect of vitamin C on the regulation of skin allergic reaction, polyphenol (0.1%)-vitamin C (1 mM) mixture was applied to the skin and the production of histamine from mast cell was analyzed by Evans blue dye staining. Results: We have found that the polyphenol has preventive power of oxidation of vitamin C. In addition, the production of histamine was suppressed by the polyphenol (0.1%)-vitamin C (1 mM) mixture. Conclusion: We have reached the conclusion that our study suggests the research guideline for the therapy of atopic dermatitis through vitamin C.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.720-720
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• 2002

A number of investigations have shown that the presence of bacteria is prerequisite for developing pulpal and/or periradicular pathosis. Depending on the stage of pulpal pathosis, various species of bacteria can be cultured from infected root canals. Kakehashi et al. showed that exposure of pulpal tissue in germ-free rats was characterized by minimal inflammation and dentinal bridging while exposure of pulpal tissue in conventional rats with normal oral flora was characterized by pulpal necrosis, chronic inflammation, and periapical lesions. Currently used methods of cleaning and shaping, especially rotary instrumentation techniques, produce a smear layer that covers root canal walls and the openings to the dentinal tubules. The smear layer contains inorganic and organic substances that include fragments of odontoblastic processes, microorganisms, their by products and necrotic materials. Because of its potential contamination and adverse effect on the outcome of root canal therapy, it seems reasonable to suggest removal of the smear layer for disinfection of the entire root canal system. Presence of this smear layer prevents penetration of intracanal medications into the irregularities of the root canal system and the dentinal tubules and also prevents complete adaptation of obturation materials to the prepared root canal surfaces. Removal of the smear layer by an intracanal irrigant and placement of an antibacterial agent in direct contact with the content of dentinal tubules should allow disinfection of this complex system and better outcome for the root canal therapy. A new solution, which was a mixture of a tetracycline, an acid, and a detergent(MTAD), was developed in the Department of Endodontics, Dental School. Lorna Linda University, USA. It has been demonstrated that MTAD was an effective solution for the removal of the smear layer and does not significantly change the structure of the dentinal tubules when used as a final irrigant in conjunction with 1 % NaOCl as a root canal irrigant. Studies are in progress to compare the anti- microbial properties of this newly developed solution with those of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA that are currently used to irrigate the root canals and remove the smear layer from the surfaces of instrumented root canals.canals.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.212-224
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• 2013

This study intends to clarify how Sayeok-tang(here in after reffered to SYT) affect C57BL/10 mice whose osteoarthritis was induced by papain. Osteoarthritis was induced by injecting papain in the knee joint of 3 groups(n=6) of mice. Normal group was non-treatment group and was not injected papain, whereas control mice were orally administered with $200{\mu}{\ell}$ of physiological saline. Positive comparison group was medicated with 100 mg/kg of Joins$^{(R)}$ mixed with $200{\mu}{\ell}$ of physiological saline. Experimental group was medicated with 400 mg/kg of SYT mixed with $200{\mu}{\ell}$ of physiological saline. Both Positive and experimental comparison groups were orally medicated once per day for 4 weeks. After the experiment, the functions of liver and kidney, inflammation cytokine values within serum, degree of revelation for inflammation cytokine genes, immune cells within blood, metabolism of arachidonic acid and amount of cartilage were measured and histopathological changes in the knee joint structures were observed. As results, SYT had no significant effect on the liver and kidney functions. Interleukin-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6(IL-6), monocyte chemo attractant protein-1(MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) were significantly decreased. Inflammation cytokines in joints were all significantly decreased. Prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$, thromboxane $B_2(TXB_2)$ were significantly decreased. Destruction of cartilage on micro computed tomography(CT)-arthrography was meaningfully decreased. In terms of histopathology, infiltration of inflammation, proliferation of synovial membrane, subsidence of cartilage and bone due to penetration of excessive formation of synovial cell and destruction of cartilage were small. Based on all results mentioned above, Sayeok-tang(SYT) is believed to be meaningful for suppressing the progress of osteoarthritis and its treatments because of its anti-inflammatory effects and alleviation of pain with histopathological effective efficacy.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.105-116
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• 2013

Objective : If the penetration ratio of the intestinal mucosa is increased, the toxic or unhealthy materials - which should not be absorbed into our bodies - will be come into our bodies. They cause a sort of anti-toxic response or confusion of the immune system, and ultimately bring various types of diseases. This syndrome is related "Poison in Excrement" or "Internal Damage(內傷發癍)" and Leaky Gut Syndrome, so I will study on the relationship between them. Method : Study on the relationship between Dae-Jang-Jung-gyeok and Leaky Gut Syndrome. Result : Korean doctors in ancient times called this syndrome "Poison in Excrement" or "Internal Damage(內傷發癍)" and treated it with "Dae-Jang-Jung-Gyeok(大腸正格)". Leaky Gut Syndrome is a sort of clinical lesion, which allows foreign and harmful toxins in and results in a disorder of the immune system due to the leaking intestinal mucosa. Conclusion : Based upon the analyses, Dae-Jang-Jung-Gyeok and Leaky Gut Syndrome are closely related. Therefore diseases caused by the Leaky Gut Syndrome might be expected to be cured by Dae-Jang-Jung-Gyeok. Particularly the use of treatments for self-immune diseases and allergic diseases such as atopyic dermatitis and articular rheumatism should be expected to reveal a new path of treatment for other disorders such as Leaky Gut Syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.60-69
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• 2018

This study aims to investigate in the assessment of salt damage conditions in concrete structures under marine environment conditions. It aims also to improve the durability of new concrete bridge through applying the life prediction method of salt damaged bridges. As measuring chloride contents of these bridges on the southwest coastal area, it is shown that the average amount of chloride on these surfaces close to shore is $10.5kg/m^3$. This figure is much higher than that of the Standard Specification for Concrete($1.5kg/m^3{\sim}2.5kg/m^3$). In contrast, it is shown the average amount of chloride on these surfaces in tide zone is $13.1kg/m^3$. Its figure is much lower than that of the Standard Specification for Concrete($20kg/m^3$). And the life of bridges is estimated about 17 years. To improve the durability for salt damage, these bridges are applied to surface treatment method which the replacement rate of furnace slag is 60%. Under this condition, it is expected to be 110 years. Consequently, it is clear that the use of slag replacement rate, surface treatment agent, and anti-corrosion agent to control chloride penetration effects of a submerge-based concrete bridge will be required.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.215-224
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• 2013

Recently, many cosmetic researchers have been focused on the development of high functional cosmetics including anti-wrinkle and whitening. In these studies, they couldn't afford to pay a deep attention to stable encapsulations for unstable materials and efficient drug deliveries for them. Particularly, in order to show a degree of instant effects as cosmetics, they can't also ignore moisturizing effect enough to satisfy customers just after applying and its maintenance by improving the function of skin barrier as well as above two effects. Therefore, skin analogue systems have attracted considerable attention in the view of structural and compositional similarity to intercellular membrane in stratum corneum. And, some models for skin analogue composition were developed to improve the function of skin barrier, stably encapsulate unstable materials such as retinol, vitamin B, C, E, etc., and control their skin penetration in order to show good effects as cosmetics. In this study, we suggest the new skin analogue model having the compositional similarity as well as conventional structural ones. Our skin analogue membrane(SAM) is mainly composed of ceramide/ cholesterol/phosphatidylcholin/fatty acids and its structural defects are compensated by including cholesterol amphiphile and controlling the ratio of ceramide/cholesterol. It was possible to confirm the formation of skin analogue membrane having highly-densed multilamella structure and compare them according to the change of each ratio with a polarized microscope, X-ray diffraction. More detaily, we observed their structures with a electron microscope(TEM). Finally, we dispersed them in excess of continuous water phase, observed the formation of maltese-cross liquid crystalline and measured the efficiency of drug deliveries and moisturizing effects.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2006

Human solid tumors exhibit a multicellular resistance (MCR) resulting from limited drug penetration and decreased sensitivity of tumor cells when interacting with their microenvironments. Multicellular cultures represent solid tumor condition in vivo and provide clinically relevant data. There is little data on antitumor effect of paclitaxel (PTX) in multicellular cultures although its MCR has been demonstrated. In the present study, we evaluated antiproliferative effects of PTX in multicellular layers (MCL) of DLD-1 human colorectal carcinoma cells. BrdU labeling index (LI), thickness of MCL, cell cycle distribution and cellular uptake of calcein were measured before and after exposure to PTX at 0.1 to 50 ${\mu}M$ for 24, 48 and 72 hrs. BrdU LI and thickness of MCL showed a concentration- and time-dependent decrease and the changes in both parameters were similar, i.e., 34.2% and 40.6% decrease in BrdU LI and thickness, respectively, when exposed to $50\;{\mu}M$ for 72 hr. The DLD-1 cells grown in MCL showed increase in $%G_{0}/G_{1}$ and resistance to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis compared to monolayers. Calcein uptake in MCL did not change upon PTX exposure, indicating technical problems in multicellular system. Overall, these data indicate that antitumor activity of PTX may be limited in human solid tumors (a multicellular system) and MCL may be an appropriate model to study further pharmacodynamics of PTX.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1-18
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• 2010

Recent rapid growth of Super-Supermarket(SSM) may be the last process of penetration of big retailers' into the grocery market where small supermarkets have dominated for the past several decades. Anti-SSM movement led by small supermarket owners is mainly due to the fear of shaky viability. The authors believe that the ultimate solution should be strengthening the competitiveness of small retailers. This study concludes that satisfying customers will make small retailers more sustainable. The study suggests the improvement of merchandising and customer services. In particular, the study performed an ideation survey for developing services suitable for supermarket customers. The study suggests service alternatives optimal for small retailers through confirmation survey of 300 consumers.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2011

We previously reported the protein isolated from Coptidis Rhizoma (CRP), which has antifungal activity against a fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. In the current study, we investigated what portion in the CRP is responsible for the antifungal activity. For the investigation, the CRP was fractionated on a Shepadex G-50 column. Data resulting from the fractionation, seven fractions were obtained. Fractions (Fr.) I, II, and III eluted initially from the column showed no inhibitory effect on the growth of C. albicans, whereas Fr. IV, V, and VI eluted later revealed inhibition of the growth, and Fr. IV and VI showed potent antifungal activity by broth susceptibility analysis. However, Fr. VI was contained in the CRP more than Fr. IV, which led us to select the VI for the following experiments. In a murine model of a subcutaneous candidiasis caused by C. albicans, the Fr. VI displayed a therapeutic effect on nude mice pretreated with anti-neutrophil monoclonal antibody (RB68C5) and then infected subcutaneously with live C. albicans. At day 16, these mice were healed almost up to 78% of the infected area when compared to infected area of control nude mice that received diluent (Dulbecco's Phosphate-Buffered Saline; DPBS), instead of the Fr. VI (P<0.01). The Fr. VI blocked hyphal formation from blastoconidial form of C. albicans (P<0.01), which might prevent penetration of hyphae to the deeper site of skin and thus helps the healing. In the ionic strength test, the effect of Fr. was influenced by $Ca^{2+}$ ion just like other known antimicrobial peptides, but the influence was affected at an extremely high concentration such as 500 mM. Thus, such ion-concentration is considered to be meaningless in the clinical situation. Considering all data together, Coptidis Rhizoma is appeared to produce an antimicrobial peptide that has therapeutic effect on subcutaneous infection caused by C. albicans.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.131-137
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• 2010

The building industry must aim at high-durability and sustainability. A holistic life cycle based approach is recommended to reduce the environmental load. In recent years, technical innovations in the construction industry have advanced to a great extent, and caused the active research and development of high-performance and multifunctional construction materials. Nowadays, various polymer powders have been commercialized to manufacture construction materials in the form of prepackaged-type products, which have rapidly been developed for lack of skilled workmen in construction sites. Recently, terpolymer powders of improved quality have been developed and commercialized as cement modifiers. And, hydrocalumite is a material that can adsorb the chloride ions (Cl-) causing the corrosion of reinforcing bars and liberate the nitrite ions (NO2-) inhibiting the corrosion in reinforced concrete, and can provide a self-corrosion inhibition function to the reinforced concrete. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the self-corrosion inhibition function of polymer-modified mortars using redispersible powders with hydrocalumite. Polymer-modified mortars using VA/E/MMA and VAE redispersible powders are prepared with various calumite contents and polymer-binder ratios, and tested for chloride ion penetration depth, corrosion inhibition. As a result, regardless of the polymer-binder ratio, the replacement of ordinary portland cement with hydrocalumite has a marked effect on the corrosion-inhibiting property of the polymer-modified mortars. Anti-corrosion effect of polymer-modified mortars using VA/E/MMA terpolymer powder with hydrocalumite is higher than that of VAE copolymer powder.