• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.241-248
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• 2014

It is debatable whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation is involved in anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic signaling. AICAR treatment increases AMPK-${\alpha}1$ phosphorylation, decreases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and significantly increases Annexin V-positive cells, DNA laddering, and caspase activity in human myeloid cell. AMPK activation is therefore implicated in apoptosis. However, AMPK-${\alpha}1$-knockdown THP-1 cells are more sensitive to apoptosis than control THP-1 cells are, suggesting that the apoptosis is AMPK-independent. Low doses of AICAR induce cell proliferation, whereas high doses of AICAR suppress cell proliferation. Moreover, these effects are significantly correlated with the downregulation of intracellular ROS, strongly suggesting that AICAR-induced apoptosis is critically associated with the inhibition of NADPH oxidase by AICAR. Collectively, our results demonstrate that in AICAR-induced apoptosis, intracellular ROS levels are far more relevant than AMPK activation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.273-277
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• 1998

In order to determine the structure-activity relationships for antioxidative effects of gagaminine, a steroidal alkaloid isolated from the roots of Cynanchum wilfordi (Asclepiadaceae), two derivatives identified as sarcostin and penupogenin were prepared from gagaminine by hydrolysis and reduction. These compounds were evaluated for the inhibitory effects on the aidehyde oxidase activity and on lipid perbxidation in vitro. Furthermore, their effects were compared with those of gagaminine and the related compounds, cinnamic acid and nicotinic acid. The results of this study prove that the cinnamoyl group in the structure of gagaminine is critical in inhibition of the aldehyde oxidase activity while the nicotinoyl group may be necessary for anti-lipid peroxidation of the compound.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2009

Although anti-atherogenic effects of cilostazol have been suggested, its effects on the expression of SR in macrophages are unclear. This study investigated the role of cilostazol on CD36 expression of murine macrophages enhanced by HNE, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation. The stimulation of macrophages with HNE led to an increased expression of CD36, which was significantly attenuated by NAC, an antioxidant. Moreover, the increased production of ROS by HNE was completely abolished by NADPH oxidase inhibitors, DPI and apocynin, as well as by the 5-LO inhibitor, MK886, but not by inhibitors for other oxidases. This suggested that NADPH-oxidase and 5-LO were major sources of ROS induced by HNE. In addition, HNE-enhanced expression of CD36 was reduced by these inhibitors, which indicated a role for NADPH oxidase and 5-LO on CD36 expression. In our present study, cilostazol was a significant inhibitor of ROS production, as well as CD36 expression induced by HNE. An increase in NADPH oxidase activity by HNE was significantly attenuated by cilostazol, however cilostazol had no effect on HNE-enhanced 5-LO activity. Together, these results suggest that cilostazol attenuates HNE-enhanced CD36 expression on murine macrophages thorough inhibition of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS generation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2005

The physiological activity of St. John's wort extracts were examined. Total phenol contents in the ethanol extracts $(246.0{\pm}10.5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ with St. John's wort leaf was higher than that in water extract $(237.4{\pm}13.2\;{\mu}g/ml)$. The electron donating ability in the water extracts and in the ethanol extracts were 95.0% and 95.2% respectively. Antioxidant protection factor of the ethanol extract was higher than that of the water extract. The water extract from St. John's wort leaves did not show an antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori, but the ethanol extract revealed high antimicrobial activities such as 11 mm of clear zone in $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ of phenol content and 13 mm of clear zone in $150\;{\mu}g/ml$ of phenol content. The hot water extract showed an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity of 19.2%. The xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity of hot water and ethanol extract were very high, amounting to 84.8% and 100% respectively. The results suggested a possibility for developing the phenol compounds in St. John's wort as anti Helicobacter pylori, anti-oxidant and anti-gout agents.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.443-449
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• 2020

This study was performed to investigate total phenolic contents, anti-oxidant, biological disease-related enzyme inhibitory, and anti-microbial effects of extracts of Lonicera morrowii leaves prepared with water and 40% ethanol. Anti-oxidative activities of the extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner and were very high even at low phenolic concentration. At phenolic concentrations ranging between 50 and 200 ㎍/mL, the water and ethanol extracts inhibited 39.34-76.35 and 47.53-99.83% of xanthine oxidase activity, 30.21-79.06, and 59.40-87.14% of angiotensin converting enzyme activity, and 59.81-80.35 and 36.06-63.58% of α-glucosidase activity, respectively. All inhibitory effect were increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the paper disc agar diffusion assay against seven microbes, L. morrowii extracts had anti-bacteria activities against Helicobacter pylori, Propionibacterium acne but no effect against other bacteria. These results indicate that the extracts from L. morrowii leaves have the possibility to be developed as a physiologically functional source for prevention of adult diseases.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 2008

Objectives : To estimate the value of the Gyungokgo as therapeutic agent preventing against aging with an analysis of the ingredients and the bio-activating effects by enzymologic methods. Methods : A quantitative analysis of general ingredients' of the Gyungokgo's extract was done first. The effects on electronic donating ability, SOD-like activity, nitric oxide inhibition, xanthine oxidase inhibition, whitening effect have been investigated in the physiological activity measurement of function experiment. Results : The contained hydrolyzed amino acid is Valine, Aspartic acid, Arginine, Isoleucine and the contained free amino acid is Arginine, Phenylalanine, Valine, Glycine. The derivative of free amino acid is Phosphoserine, Carnocine, ${\gammer}$-Aminoisobutyric acid. And the Gyungokgo contains 14 species of minerals, K>Na>Ca>Mg>Fe>Al>Mn. Then, to assure of the Gyungokgo's anti-oxidation, these following subjects -polyphenol, electronic donating ability, SOD-like activity, nitric oxide inhibition, xanthine oxidase inhibition, tyrosinase inhibation- are analyzed and show high activity especially the most in chloroform extracts, (every ingredients written by the order of high amount) Conclusions : The Gyungokgo contains many materials functioning as anti-oxidation, neurotransmitter, anti-fatigue and immune agent.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 2021

Objectives : This study was undertaken to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Spatholobi Caulis water extract (SC) to thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute liver injury (ALI) in rats. Methods : The rats were injected intraperitoneally with TAA (200 mg/kg body weight) and orally administered SC (100 or 200 mg/kg b.w.) daily for 3 days. Liver biomarkers were assessed by serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and ammonia levels. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured both serum and liver tissue. In addition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, anti-oxidant, and inflammation-related proteins were investigated by western blot analysis. Histological examination further confirmed though hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results : The SC treatment reduced liver function markers like GOT and GPT and also remarkably decreased ammonia level. Moreover, the elevated MDA level in TAA-induced group was significantly reduced by SC treatment. NADPH oxidase expression associated with oxidative stress including NOX2, NOX4, and p47phox markedly inhibited by SC administration. SC treatment exerted anti-oxidant effect through the increase of anti-oxidant enzyme including superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The protein expressions of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-�� (TNF-��), IL-6, and IL-1�� induced by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-��B) activation were modulated through blocking the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor ��B�� (I��B)��. SC treatment also improved histological alterations. Conclusion : These findings suggested that SC administration may be a potential candidate for the prevention or treatment of ALI.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.119-126
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-oxidant effect of Wasabia japonica(WJ). The anti-oxidant activities of various extracts from WJ were investigated. The water and ethanol extracts of WJ leaf were found to cause significant free radical scavenging effects on DPPH and nitric oxide(NO). Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to one normal diet and three high cholesterol diet groups which contained 1%(w/w) cholesterol. After 4weeks cholesterol diet, the groups of high cholesterol diet were classified to control(normal diet only), WJR5(normal diet and 5% WJ root) and WJL5(normal diet and 5% WJ leaf). Liver xanthine oxidase(XO) activity in the rats of high cholesterol diet was decreased up to the levels of normal diet group according to WJ diet. The results indicated that WJ possesses antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging effects on DPPH, NO and the decreasing of XO activity. In view of these results, WJ is expected to be an effective material for the anti-oxidant.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.95-99
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• 2009

Objectives : This study were carried out to investigate the anti-oxidative activities of $\gamma$-SPE(gamma irradiated shell of Persicae semen extract with ethanol). Methods : Anti-oxidative was measured by DPPH free radical scavenging activities, nitric oxide radical scavenging activities, SOD-like activities, xanthine oxidase radical scavenging activities, nitrite scavenging activities and tyrosinase inhibition activities. Results : Effects of free radial scavenging was increased by irradiation. Tyrosinase inhibition activities was decreased by $\gamma$-SPE. Conclusions : Results suggested that $\gamma$-SPE have a potential as a new anti-oxidative material.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.243-247
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• 2013

Novel Phellinus linteus HN1009K (HK1009) has been characterized on speedy mycelial growth and yearly artificial cultivation. In this study, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract from mycelium and fruiting body of P. linteus HN1009K (HK1009) were compared to those of P. linteus (PL, Korea Sangwhang) and P. baumii (PB, Jangsu Sanghwang) as controls. HK1009 extract showed higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity in both mycelial and fruiting body samples than those of PL and PB. However, in xanthine oxidase assay, antioxidant effect was highly measured on mycelial samples of PL and HK1009. Mycelial extract of HK1009 induced high inhibitory effect on LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells comparing to PL and PB without toxicity on the cells. The results suggest that P. linteus HN1009K possesses superior antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects.