• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1491-1500
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• 2024

Inflammation is a biodefense mechanism that provides protection against painful conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, other gastrointestinal problems, and irritable bowel syndrome. Paraprobiotics have probiotic characteristics of intestinal modulation along with merits of safety and stability. In this study, heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KU15122 (KU15122) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory properties. KU15122 was subjected to heat-killed treatment for enhancement of its safety, and its concentration was set at 8 log CFU/mL for conducting different experiments. Nitric oxide production was most remarkably reduced in the KU15122 group, whereas it was increased in the LPS-treated group. In RAW 264.7 cells, KU15122 inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. ELISA revealed that among the tested strains, KU15122 exhibited the most significant reduction in PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-6. Moreover, KU15122 inhibited various factors involved in the nuclear factor-kappa B, activator protein-1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In addition, KU15122 reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species. The anti-inflammatory effect of KU15122 was likely attributable to the bacterial exopolysaccharides. Conclusively, KU15122 exhibits anti-inflammatory potential against inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2005

Both nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been thought to have a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease as it does in other inflammatory diseases, and the inhibitors of NO and IL-6 production have been considered as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated methanol extract of Sophorae Flos for inhibition of NO and IL-6 production in Prevotella intermedia LPS-induced mouse macrophages RAW264.7 cells. Dried Sopharae Flos was sliced, and extracted with 100% methanol. LPS from p. intermedia ATCC 25611 was prepared by the standard hot phenol-water method. NO production was assayed by measuring the accumulation of nitrite in culture supematants and IL-6 was measured using mouse IL-6 ELISA kit. Western blot analysis of iNOS and analysis of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products were carried out. The methanol extract of Sophorae Flos concentration-dependently reduced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in RAw264.7 cells treated with P. intermedia LPS. Sophorae Flos also suppressed IL-6 production and the expression of IL-6 mRNA in RAw264.7 cells stimulated by P. intermedia LPS. The inhibition of NO and IL-6 production by Sophorae Flos may be useful in the therapy of inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis. This hypothesis, however, remains to be tested.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2024

본 연구는 RAW 264.7 세포를 이용하여 넓패추출물(Ishige foliacea, I. foliacea)의 피부 항염 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. RAW 264.7 세포에 대한 넓패추출물의 항염증 효과는 세포 생존력 분석, mRNA 발현 및 산화질소(NO)/프로스타글란딘 E₂ (PGE₂) 생성을 통해 확인하였다. 넓패추출물의 항염증 효과는 IL-1α/IL-1β/IL-6/TNFα mRNA 발현 및 NO/PGE₂ 생성을 분석하여 규명하였고, 정량적 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응을 통해 넓패추출물은 iNOS/COX2/IL-1α/IL-1β 및 IL-6의 mRNA 발현을 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 PGE₂와 NO 생성의 비교를 통해 넓패추출물이 항염증 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 넓패추출물의 항염 효과를 바탕으로 코스메슈티컬 소재로 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 넓패추출물의 항염증 메커니즘에 대한 후속 연구를 바탕으로 코스메슈티컬뿐만 아니라 염증과 관련된 약리학적인 메커니즘 발굴에도 도움이 될 것으로 보인다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.392-397
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• 2016

천연물 유래 단일 성분의 항염증 효과에 대한 잠재성을 평가하는 스크리닝의 일환으로 11종의 단일 물질을 대상으로 항염증 효과를 탐색한 결과, 단풍취에서 분리정제한 zaluzanin C의 산화질소(II) 생성 억제능이 뛰어난 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 단풍취에서 분리정제한 zaluzanin C가 지질다당류로 자극한 마우스 대식세포인 RAW264.7 세포에서 염증반응에 미치는 영향에 대해 평가하고, 관련 메커니즘에 대해 검토하였다. Zaluzanin C는 LPS 자극에 의해 유도된 iNOS 단백질 발현양을 감소시킴으로써 산화질소(II) 생성을 억제할 뿐만 아니라 IL-6와 같은 염증 유발 사이토카인의 분비를 억제하였다. 이러한 효과는 전사인자인 NF-kB의 세포질에서 핵으로의 이동을 억제함으로써 나타나는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과로부터, zaluzanin C가 염증 반응을 저해하는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나, 향후 염증성 질환을 예방, 개선 및 치료하는데 유용한 물질로 사용될 가능성이 있을 것으로 생각된다. 하지만 이를 위해서는 zaluzanin C의 생체 내 이용률 및 생리적 활성 농도 등에 대한 추가 연구가 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was designed to examine immuno-modulatory effects of Evodia Rutaecarpine by activating innate immune system and inhibiting inflammation. Methods: First, Cell cytotoxicity was examined with 4T1 breast carcinoma and TG-induced macrophage. To investigate activating innate immune system of Evodiamine Rutacarpine Extract (ERE) on macrophage, we tested tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured after treating with ERE to observe innate immune modulating effect of ERE on RAW 264.7 cell. Also, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were examined by western blot analysis. Results: In cytotoxicity analysis, ERE significantly affected tumor cell growth above specific concentration. Also, ERE significantly affected macrophage growth above specific concetration. As compared with the control group, the production of TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-6 were increased in TG-induced macrophage. As compared with the control group, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly up-regulated in RAW 264.7 cell. The expression of TNF-α and NO induced by LPS after treating ERE was significantly decreased compared with control group. In addition, We observed ERE inhibited the phosphorylation levels of p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), p-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and p-p38 in western blotting by treating ERE on RAW 264.7 cell. Conclusions: ERE seems to have considerable impact on the anti-cancer effect by activation of innate immune system and inflammation control.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제67권2호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2023

Talipariti hamabo is a plant growing around salt marshes in the Lava Coast region of Jeju Island, Korea. In this study, the extract of T. hamabo leaves was investigated for the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-bacterial activities and their active constituents were identified. In the anti-inflammatory tests using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction inhibited the nitric oxide production without causing cell toxicity. Moreover, the EtOAc fraction reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6) as well as prostaglandin E₂. In the anti-oxidative studies with DPPH and ABTS⁺ radicals, potent scavenging activities were observed in the EtOAc and n-butanol fractions. Upon the anti-bacterial tests using Staphylococcus epidermidis, EtOAc and n-butanol fractions exhibited good activities. Through the phytochemical studies on EtOAc fraction, three components were isolated by repeated column chromatography; oleic acid (1), p-hydroxyphenethyl-trans-ferulate (2), nicotiflorine (3). Based on these results, the extract of T. hamabo leaves can be developed as natural resources for cosmetic applications.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.69-85
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• 2013

Objectives: This study investigated the anti-osteoarthritic effects of Kyejiinsam-tang (hereinafter referred to KIT) on the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods: Anti-oxidative effects of KIT were measured by scavenging activities of DPPH, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Scavenging activities of anti-oxidation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells were also measured for inhibitory effects against the production of inflammatory mediators (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$, interleukin-6). Osteoarthritis was induced in rats by injecting MIA in the knee joint. Rats were divided into a total of 4 groups (n=6). The normal group were not treated at all without inducing osteoarthritis whereas the control group were induced for osteoarthritis by MIA and oral medicated physiological saline per day. The positive comparison group was injected with MIA and after 7 days, 2 mg/kg of Indomethacin. The experimental group was injected with MIA and after 7 days was medicated with 34 mg/kg of KIT. Indomethacin and KIT were orally-medicated for each substance a total of 4 weeks, once per day. Weight-bearing on hind legs was measured every week after MIA injection. At the end of the experiment (5 weeks after MIA injection), micro CT (computed tomography)-arthrography and histopathological examinations on the articular structures of knee joint were performed. The effect on inflammatory cytokines and immunological cells in synovial fluid was measured. Volume of cartilage was measured by micro CT-arthrography. Injury to synovial tissue was measured by H & E (hematoxylin and eosin), Safranin-O immunofluorescence. Results: 1. Cytotoxicity against hFCs was insignificant. 2. KIT showed the potent full term for DPPH. 1. NO was significantly reduced by KIT (at 100, $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and ROS was also reduced, but not significantly, by KIT (at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). 2. IL-6 and IL-$1{\beta}$ were significantly reduced by KIT (at 100, $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and TNF-${\alpha}$ was also reduced, but not significantly, by KIT (at $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). 1. In hind legs weight-bearing measurement, level of weight increased. 2. Functions of liver and kidney were not affected. 3. IL-$1{\beta}$ was significantly reduced and TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 were also reduced but not significantly. 4. PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), LTB4 (leukotriene B4) were significantly reduced in the KIT group. 5. MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9), TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1) and Osteocalcin were significantly reduced in the KIT group. 6. Destruction of cartilage on micro CT arthrography was reduced but had no significant differences. 7. Histopathologically, injury to synovial membrane of the KIT group was decreased and proteoglycan content of KIT group was increased. Conclusions: According to this study, Kyejiinsam-tang has inhibiting effect on the progression of arthritis in MIA-induced osteoarthritis rat. Kyejiinsam-tang has anti-oxidants and anti-inflammation effects, and is related to inhibiting the activity of inflammatory cytokine and injury of volume in cartilage.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.535-542
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• 2023

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of shiitake mushroom and kelp (SMK) mixture extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS significantly increased NO (nitric oxide) production, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β), and inflammation-related genes (COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)). In cytotoxicity testing using RAW 264.7 cells, SMK mixture extracts in the range of 1-16 ㎍/mL did not inhibit cell proliferation. However, SMK mixture extracts significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). SMK treatment significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β levels compared to the LPS group, and similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels also decreased. SMK mixture extracts reduced the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells compared to LPS (p<0.05). The above results show that SMK mixture extracts suppressed the inflammatory response induced by LPS. In particular, the extracts were shown to regulate the inflammatory response by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related enzymes.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2018

만성적인 염증은 낭포성 섬유증, 암, 치매, 아토피성 질환, 비만 등과 같은 염증성 질환의 원인이 된다. 또한 염증의 발생단계에 관여하는 일부 신호물질은 피부조직의 손상과 노화에도 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있기 때문에 염증발생 매커니즘을 조절하기 위한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 최근에는 염증반응을 억제하거나 예방하기 위해, 몇몇 식물로부터 항염증 소재를 개발하려는 연구들이 이루어지고 있다. 특히 Stevia rebaudiana는 특유의 풍미를 가지는 천연감미료 스테비올배당체(steviol glycoside, SG)를 생성하는데, 일부 SG에 대한 연구를 통해 염증억제 활성이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존연구를 통해 항염증 효능이 있는 것으로 확인된 스테비오사이드, 리버디오사이드 A, 스테비올 이외에도 항염증 소재로 활용될 가능성이 있는 SG가 더 존재할 것으로 예상하였다. 이를 확인하기 위하여 우리는 S. rebaudiana에서 얻은 SG의 nitric oxide(NO) 생성억제활성을 RAW 264.7 세포주를 대상으로 스크리닝 하였다. 그 결과 steviol ${\beta}-glucopyranosyl$ ester (SGE)가 동일한 농도 조건의 SG 중에서 가장 높은 억제활성을 보여주었다. 또한, $interleukin-1{\alpha}$ ($IL-1{\alpha}$), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)와 같은 염증관련 인자의 mRNA 발현량 또한 농도의존적으로 감소시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해 SGE는 마우스 대식세포인 RAW 264.7 세포에서 항염증 활성 및 NO 생성 억제 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 이를 통하여 SGE가 항염증 소재로 활용될 잠재성이 있음을 확인하였다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.83-98
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Eungapbang extract (EGB). Methods: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of EGB, we nourished RAW 264.7 cell lines in the laboratory dish. Next, inflammatory cytokine concentrations were analyzed. Then, sera were prepared from blood after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in chemically induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation, and Interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) were measured using ELISA kits. Results: 1. EGB significantly suppressed the expression levels of IL-1${\beta}$ and NOS-II genes at 100, 50 and 10 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations, and IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and COX-2 mRNAs at 100 and 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations. 2. EGB significantly reduced the production level of IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ at 100${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations, and IL-6 at 100 and 50 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations. 3. EGB significantly decreased the production level of IL-1${\beta}$ and IL-6 in sera of acute inflammation induced mice. 4. EGB could suppress the expression level of IL-1${\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA in spleen tissues in acute inflammation induced mice. Conclusion: On the basis of the above results, it is confirmed that the anti-inflammatory effects of EGB were recognized. Therefore, EGB is recommended as promising therapy for treatment of such ailments as pelvic inflammatory disease.