• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.821-828
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• 2015

ASW0 is a polysaccharide derived from the perennial herb Aster scaber Thunberg. We isolated ASW0, a fraction of crude polysaccharide, by means of ethanol precipitation and dialysis after hot water extraction to investigate its physicochemical properties and immunostimulatory effects. ASW0 contains neutral sugar (45.7%), acidic sugar (51.6%), protein (2.3%), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octonate (KDO) (0.4%). The neutral sugar in ASW0 (in mole percentage) was mainly composed of arabinose (34.5 mol%), glucose (31.1 mol%), galactose (14.9 mol%), and rhamnose (8.1 mol%), which are characteristic of pectic polysaccharides. ASW0 also contained small amounts of xylose, mannose, and fucose. The anti-complementary activity of ASW-0 was similar to that of polysaccharide K (used as positive control). ASW0 exhibited no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and dramatically increased nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose dependent manner ($0.3{\sim}30{\mu}g/mL$). Also, macrophages stimulated with ASW0 showed enhanced production of immunostimulatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in a dose dependent manner. These results suggest that the ASW0 have a potent immunostimulatory effect and can be used as a natural immune health ingredient.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.263-269
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• 2012

Korean red ginseng has shown therapeutic effects for a number of disease conditions. However, little is known about the anti-inflammatory effect of Korean red ginseng saponin fraction (RGSF) in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, in this study, we showed that RGSF containing 20(S)-protopanaxadiol type saponins inhibited nitric oxide production and attenuated the release of tumor necrotic factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), and macrophage chemo-attractant protein-1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, RGSF down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxyginase-2, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, GMCSF, and IL-6. Furthermore, RGSF reduced the level of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the serum and protected mice against LPS mediated endotoxic shock. In conclusion, these results indicated that ginsenosides from RGSF and their metabolites could be potential sources of therapeutic agents against inflammation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2004

In order to develop new anti-photoaging agents, we examined the antioxidative activity and the inhibition effect of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) on the extracts of a marine product, Zostera marina L., which is known for its potent activity. Three compounds (compounds 1, 2, and 3) were isolated from an ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction of the product; they were identified as apigenin-7 -O-$\beta$-D-glucoside (1), chrysoeriol (2), and luteolin (3). These compounds were found to scavenge radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and were measured to have $SC_{50}$/ values of 0.18 mM, 0.68 mM, and 0.01 mM against the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 0.04 mM, 0.03 mM, and 0.01 mM against the superoxide radical in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. Compound 3 suppressed the expression of MMP-1 by up to 44％ at 4.0 $\mu$M and inhibited the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6), which is known as a cytokine that induces MMP-1 expression. From these results, compound 3 and the other compounds were determined to have antioxidative activity and to inhibit MMP-1 expression. Thus, the three compounds are expected to be useful for preventing the photoaging of skin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2022

In this study, the survival capacity (acid and bile salt tolerance, and adhesion to gut epithelial cells) and probiotic properties (enzyme activity-inhibition and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibition of adipogenesis, and stress hormone level reduction) of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314, isolated from kimchi (Korean traditional fermented cabbage), were investigated. LRCC5314 exhibited very stable survival at ph 2.0 and in 0.2% bile acid with 89.9% adhesion to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells after treatment for 2 h. LRCC5314 also inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which are involved in elevating postprandial blood glucose levels, by approximately 72.9% and 51.2%, respectively. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with the LRCC5314 lysate decreased the levels of the inflammatory factors nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and interferon-γ by 88.5%, 49.3%, 97.2%, and 99.8%, respectively, relative to those of the cells treated with LPS alone. LRCC5314 also inhibited adipogenesis in differentiating preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells), showing a 14.7% decrease in lipid droplet levels and a 74.0% decrease in triglyceride levels, as well as distinct reductions in the mRNA expression levels of adiponectin, FAS, PPAR/γ, C/EBPα, TNF-α, and IL-6. Moreover, LRCC5314 reduced the level of cortisol, a hormone with important effect on stress, by approximately 35.6% in H295R cells. L. plantarum LRCC5314 is identified as a new probiotic with excellent in vitro multifunctional properties. Subsequent in vivo studies may further demonstrate its potential as a functional food or pharmabiotic.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.466-477
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• 2018

본 연구는 헛개나무 잎, 줄기, 뿌리로부터 얻어진 메탄올 추출물의 항염증 효과를 구명하기 위해서 수행되었다. LPS로 염증이 유도된 RAW264.7 세포 내 부위별 추출물을 동시에 처리하여 염증 매개성 물질인 NO 생성량 분석 결과 $40{\mu}g/m{\ell}$농도에서 뿌리(94.7%)와 줄기(42.6%)에서는 효과가 있는 반면 잎에서는 효과가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 중 탁월한 효과를 보인 뿌리 추출물(RE)의 항염증 효과 및 관련 분자적 기전을 확인하였다. 그 결과, 염증 반응의 주요 경로인 NF-kB 및 MAPK 신호전달경로에서 RE가 LPS로 유도된 NF-kB의 핵 이동을 억제하고, ERK, JNK, p38의 인산화를 억제함으로써 iNOS, COX-2의 발현이 감소되고, NO와 pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$)의 생성이 억제됨을 확인하였다. 또한 RE는 대식세포에서 Nrf2를 활성화시켜 항염증성 단백질인 HO-1 발현을 유도하여 항염증 효과를 나타내었다. 또한, RE로부터 주요 성분을 분리한 후 NMR과 MS 기기를 이용하여 구조 동정된 27-O-protocatechuoylbetulinic acid 화합물에서도 높은 항염증 효과를 확인하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 헛개나무뿌리와 그 주요성분은 의약품 소재 및 기능성 식품 등의 기능성 소재로 활용될 수 있는 기초적인 정보를 제공할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.537-544
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 참까막살 에탄올 추출물(PAEE)의 항염증 활성을 확인하기 위하여 LPS로 자극된 RAW 264.7 세포에서의 pro-inflammatory cytokine 및 NO의 분비 생성량과 western blot으로 단백질 발현량을 측정하였다. 또한, croton oil로 유도된 귀 부종 모델을 이용하여 알아보았다. RAW 264.7 세포에서 PAEE를 $0.1{\sim}100{\mu}g/mL$ 농도로 처리 시 세포독성을 나타내지 않음을 확인하였다. 그 결과 PAEE는 pro-inflammatory cytokine(IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$) 및 NO의 분비량을 농도 의존적으로 억제시켰으며, iNOS와 COX-2의 발현량도 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 이러한 항염증 활성결과는 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 MAPKs 전사인자의 활성 억제에 의한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, croton oil로 유도된 귀 부종 모델에서 PAEE를 50 mg/kg body weight 처리 시 귀 부종이 prednisolone(10 mg/kg body weight)과 유사한 정도로 억제됨을 확인하였다. 귀 조직 관찰에서도 PAEE는 croton oil에 의해 증가한 진피와 경피의 두께를 감소시켰으며, 진피로 침윤된 mast cell의 수도 감소시켰다. 이 결과를 종합해 보면 참까막살 에탄올 추출물은 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 MAPKs의 활성화 억제를 통해 염증 매개 물질의 생성을 억제시켜 항염증 활성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.471-480
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 LPS로 자극된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 생물전환 루모라고사리 추출물(B-RAE)의 항염증 효과 및 작용기전을 연구하였다. B-RAE의 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 측정한 결과 379.26±7.77 mg/g과 50.85±3.08 mg/g으로 각각 나타났다. B-RAE의 항산화효과를 측정한 결과 DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion radical을 농도의존적으로 소거하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, B-RAE는 세포생존에 영향을 미치지 않으면서 NO 생성을 처리 농도의존적으로 저해하였다. 전염증성 사이토카인(TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) 발현에 미치는 영향을 정량적 실시간 PCR로 측정한 결과 전염증성 사이토카인의 mRNA발현량을 LPS 처리군과 비교하여 B-RAE 처리 농도 의존적으로 유의성 있게 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 염증 관련 단백질(iNOS, COX-2)의 발현 및 전사인자인 NF-κB와 MAPK 신호경로 단백질의 인산화에 미치는 영향을 Western blot분석으로 평가하였다. 그 결과 LPS 처리에 의하여 증가된 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현을 유의적으로 억제하였다. 또한, LPS 처리에 의하여 증가된 NF-κB와 IκB의 인산화가 B-RAE 처리에 의하여 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. MAPK 신호경로 단백질의 인산화에 미치는 영향을 측정한 결과 ERK와 p38 MAPK 단백질의 인산화는 농도의존적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나 JNK의 인산화는 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 B-RAE의 항염증 효과는 높은 항산화 활성, iNOS와 COX-2 발현 억제를 통한 NO 생성 억제, NF-κB경로 저해, MAPK 신호경로 조절 및 전염증성 사이토카인 발현 저해에 의해 가능하다는 것을 제시한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2000

This study was conducted to compare probiotic activities and physiological functions of Bifidobacterium longum Mk-G7 with weveral commercial and type strains of bifidobacteria. bif. longum MK-G7 showed the highest acid tolerance against HCl and acetic acid, whereas bif. infantis Y-1 showed the lowest acid tolerance and more than 4 log cycles of viable cell count decreased due to acid injuty. Viable cell counts of bifidobacteria strains decreased more than 1.5 log cycles owing to oxygen toxicity, with the exception of Bif. longum MK-G7, Bif. infantis Y-2, Bif. longum Y-3, Bif. longum Y-6, and Bif. longum RD-13 showed the highest bile tolerance, whereas Bif. longum MK-G7 showed a medium level of bile tolerance. Only Bif. longum MK-G7 howed much higher antibiotic resistance against both tetracycline and penicillin-G in the MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration) level of 24.8 mg/I and 0.52mg/I, respectively. Bif longum Y-6, and Bif. bifidum ATCC 29539 showed more than 80% of anti-mutagenicity against NQO(4-nitroquinolinel-oxide). Since the production of cytokines such as $TNF(tumor necrosis factor)-{\alpha}$ and IL (interleukin)-6, and NO(nitric oxide) in the macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cells increased as Bif. longum MK-G7 cell concentration increased, ti was suggested that Bif. longum MK-G7 is able to enhance immunopotentiating activity in vitro. When freeze-dred Bif. longum MK-G7 was administered to mice at the dose of 1,2,4, and 6 g/kg of body weight, all of the mice survived in all feeding groups, proving the GRAS(generally recognized as safe) status of Bif. longum MK-G7. When fermented milk containing Bif. longum MK-G7 was administered to human volunteers, viable cell count of total bifidobacteria and anaerobes in the feces increased up to 0.5 log cycles more than before the administration. In particular, Bif. logum MK-G7 ingibited the growth of Bacteroides at the level of 1.0-1.5 log cycles.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1245-1252
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• 2016

진달래꽃으로부터 Sephadex LH-20 및 MCI gel CHP-20 column chromatography로 정제한 결과 항염증 활성을 가지는 myricetin을 분리, 동정하였다. Myricetin은 농도 의존적으로 NO 발현을 억제하였고, $50{\mu}M$ 농도에서 약 40%의 억제효과를 나타내었다. Myricetin의 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현억제력은, $25{\mu}M$ 농도에서 각각 20% 및 80%의 protein 발현 억제효과를 나타내었다. 또한 myricetin의 염증반응의 cytokine을 측정하여 $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 및 $PGE_2$의 억제력을 살펴본 결과, 농도 의존적으로 발현억제 효과를 나타내었으며, $50{\mu}M$ 농도에서 각각 70%, 80%, 80% 및 95%의 발현 억제효과를 나타내었다. 따라서 진달래 꽃잎에서 분리한 myricetin은 LPS로 유도되어진 대식세포주인 Raw 264.7 세포에서 염증반응의 억제효과를 기대할 수 있었다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.127-131
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• 2017

Objectives: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) constitute the first line of defense against invading microbial pathogens. Early events in inflammation involve the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of injury or damage where changes in intracellular calcium can cause the activation of pro-inflammatory mediators from neutrophils including superoxide generation, degranulation and release of myeloperoxidase (MPO), productions of interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), and adhesion to the vascular endothelium. To address the anti-inflammatory role of flavonoids, in the present study, we investigated the effects of the flavonoids quercetin and vitexin on the stimulus-induced nitric oxide (NO), $TNF-{\alpha}$, and MPO productions in human neutrophils. Methods: Human peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated, and their viabilities were determined by using the Trypan Blue exclusion test. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) preparations contained more than 98% neutrophils as determined by morphological examination with Giemsa staining. The viabilities of cultured neutrophils with various concentrations of quercetin and vitexin ($1-100{\mu}M$) were studied using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Neutrophils were cultured in complete Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium, pre-incubated with or without quercetin and vitexin ($25{\mu}M$) for 45 min, and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) ($10^{-7}M$). NO production was carried out through nitrite determination by using the Griess method. Also, the $TNF-{\alpha}$ and the MPO productions were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and MPO assay kits. Results: Neutrophil viability was not affected up to a concentration of $100{\mu}M$ of quercetin or vitexin. Both quercetin and vitexin significantly inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$, NO, and MPO productions in human neutrophils (P < 0.001). Conclusion:The present study showed that both quercetin and vitexin had significant anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, treatment with either quercetin or vitexin may be considered as a therapeutic strategy for treating patients with neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases.