• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.490-496
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• 2020

Consumption of anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals may help treat or prevent inflammation-related illnesses such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. This study evaluated the effect of Croton hirtus L'Hér extract (CHE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling cascades. CHE significantly suppressed LPS-induced NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW264.7 macrophages, although cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression was not affected. CHE also suppressed LPS-induced IκB kinase (IKK), IκB, and p65 phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays of cytosol and nuclear p65 and the catalytic subunit of NF-κB showed that CHE suppressed LPS-induced p65 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. CHE also suppressed LPS-induced Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that CHE prevents NO-mediated inflammation by suppressing NF-κB and inflammatory cytokines.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.707-716
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 다양한 동물 모델을 사용하여 Dioscorea daemona Roxb. 줄기 메탄을 추출물(DD)의 항염증 활성을 측정하였으며 DD가 생체내에서 항산화 체계의 변화를 유도할 수 있는지도 살펴보았다. DD를 200mg/kg용량으로 3주간 경구투여하였을 때 동물실험모델에서 항염증 및 type IV 알레르기 억제 효과를 나타내었으며 혈청의 Catalase 활성, 지질 과산화, TG 및 HDL cholesterol 수치가 영향을 받았다. DD와 이를 클로로포름과 부탄올로 순차적으로 분획하여 얻은 fraction이 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)로 유도한 RAW264.7 대식세포주의 nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$, tumor necrosis $factor-\alpha(TNF-\alpha)$, interleukin 6(IL6)의 생성을 억제하는지도 연구하였다. DD와 그 분획물들은 $4\~100{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 세포 독성을 나타내지 않고 LPS가 유도한 RAW264.7 세포주의 NO, $TNF-\alpha$, IL-6 생성을 억제하였다. LPS가 유도한 $PGE_2$ 생성은 DD의 클로로포름 분획에서 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 따라서 Dioscorea daemona 추출물은 대식세포의 염증성 매개물의 억제를 통하여 항염증 활성을 나타내는 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2011

Objectives : This study aims at examining the anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellariae Radix extract. Methods : Scutellariae Radix was hot water extracted to make the samples(SR) for the experiment. Their effects were examined on the increase of cell viability in mouse macrophage Raw 264.7 cells, the creation of nitric oxide(NO) in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced Raw 264.7 cells, and the creation of cytokines of interleukin(IL)-$1{\beta}$ and others. Results : The results of the experiment are as follows. 1. The MTT assay was carried out to check the cellular toxicity of the water extract of Scutellariae Radix. The results were found no significant toxicity caused to macrophages by the water extract of Scutellariae Radix. 2. The water extract of Scutellariae Radix significantly restricted the increase of NO in the LPS-induced macrophages after 24-hour culture. 3. The water extract of Scutellariae Radix significantly restricted the creation of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17, interferon-inducible protein(IP)-10, keratinocyte-derived chemokine(KC), and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in the LPS-induced macrophages at the concentration of $25{\mu}g/mL$ or higher. Conclusion : The samples(SR) of hot water extract of Scutellariae Radix caused no significant cellular toxicity to macrophages and significantly restricted the creation of NO, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17, IP-10, KC, and VEGF in the LPS-induced macrophages at $25{\mu}g/mL$ or higher, thus demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2016

Bioactive components of ultra-fine ground Saururus, the extraction yield increases when the leaves are ultra-fine ground. Comparison of normal-ground and ultra-fine ground Saururus chinensis leaves showed that the solid content and antiinflammatory activity of ultra-fine ground extracts was higher than that of normal-ground extracts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of Saururus chinensis extract and the amount of nitric oxide (NO) was determined; LPS-treated cells produced 2 times more NO than cells that were not treated with LPS. Moreover, the NO production in cells treated with Saururus chinensis extract was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. Because the stimulant-induced NO production is regulated by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), we measured the iNOS protein level to elucidate the mechanism by which the NO production was inhibited. We found that the amount of iNOS decreased dose-dependently. It was reduced by 53% at a Saururus chinensis extract concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. The protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells was inhibited by 31% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ of Saururus chinensis extract. Gel shift of the nuclear factor kappa B-DNA complex occurred in LPS-treated cells and the intensity of the band decreased gradually in a concentration-dependent manner. Ultra-fine ground Saururus chinensis extract had a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the production of prostaglandin $E_2$, tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$, interleukin $1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, and IL-8 in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells, i.e., at $50{\mu}g/mL$ of Saururus chinensis extract, their levels were decreased by 53, 67, 52, 37, and 21% respectively.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.368-373
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of water extract from Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. (EAS) on the RAW 264.7 cells. To evaluate of anti-inflammatory of EAS, we examined the cytokine productions on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells and also inhibitory mechanisms using Western blot. EAS reduced LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) in RAW 264.7 cells. EAS inhibited the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) but not of inhibitory kappa B a (Ik-Ba) degradation in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, EAS down-regulated LPS-induced NO and cytokines production, which could provide a clinical basis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.98-104
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• 2014

In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects by Alopecurus aequalis Sobol on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by RAW 264.7 cell line. Consistent with these observations, DS reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the release of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also reduced by DS. Moreover, LPS increased expression phosphorylation of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, but DS showed inhibitory effect by reducing LPS-inducible p-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ expression level. These results suggest that the down regulation of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-6 expression by DS are achieved by the downregulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity, a transcription factor necessary for pro-inflammatory mediators, and that is also responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.92-103
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• 2009

Objectives : The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Humulus japonicus MeOH extracts (HJE) in vivo. Methods : The effects of HJE on anti-inflammation were measured by production of NO, iNOS (inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase), COX-2, I$\kappa$B$\alpha$ (Inhibitor kappa B alpha), NF$\kappa$B (Nuclear Factor kappa B), TNF-$\alpha$ (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha) and IL-1$\beta$ (Interleukin-1$\beta$), IL-6 in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. Results : 1. All concentrations of HJE(0.03 and 0.10 mg/ml) had no significant cytotoxicity in Raw 264.7 cell during the entire experimental period. 2. The level of NO and iNOS in culture medium was dramatically increased by LPS application. However, these increases were dose-dependently(0.03 and 0.10 mg/ml) attenuated by treatment with HJE. 3. HJE extract reduced PGE2 levels in a dose-dependent manner as a consequence of inhibition of COX-2 protein expression in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. 4. 0.10 mg/ml HJE significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of I$\kappa$B$\alpha$ indicating the suppression of NF-$\kappa$B pathway in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. 5. 0.10 mg/ml HJE significantly inhibited the production of TNF-$\alpha$ in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. 6. All concentrations of HJE significantly inhibited the production of IL-1$\beta$, IL-6 in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with LPS. Conclusions : These results provide evidences that therapeutic effect of HJE on heat syndrome, especially due to the acute inflammation, are partly due to the reduction of some of inflammatory factors by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of p-I$\kappa$B$\alpha$. Moreover, it suggests that the mechanism of action of HJE comes from the suppression of inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE$_2$ and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.343-348
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of root peel and spear of mulberry (RME and SME, respectively) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Both extracts significantly inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) levels decreased in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with SME. Additionally, the extracts reduced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in mRNA levels. Although ROS production was lower in the RME-treated cells than in the SME-treated cells, the levels of other inflammatory parameters, including IL-6 and $PGE_2$, and mRNA levels of iNOS and COX-2 reduced more in the SME-treated cells. These results indicate that SME showed higher anti-inflammatory activities than RME. Therefore, SME can be used as a functional food ingredient to enhance health.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2019

Cassia tora L. have been used as a folk medicine in Korea. This study investigated anti-inflammatory effect of aurantio-obtusin isolated from C. tora. We isolated aurantio-obtusin from 50% ethanol extracts of C. tora L. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of aurantio-obtusin on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response in murine macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7). To investigate the cytotoxicity of aurantio-obtusin on RAW 264.7 cells, MTS assay was performed. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with aurantio-obtusin at different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, $100{\mu}M$) for 30 h. The result showed that aurantio-obtusin had no cytotoxic effect in a concentration range of $12.5-100{\mu}M$. To determine the effect of aurantio-obtusin on LPS-induced NO production, the NO concentration measurement was performed. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with aurantio-obtusin at 12.5, 25, 50 and $100{\mu}M$ for 24 h, and the results showed that the NO production of aurantio-obtusin-treated cells compared to LPS alone treated group was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of aurantio-obtusin inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner. To find out inhibitory mechanisms of aurantio-obtusin on inflammatory mediators, we examined the $PGE_2$ pathways. As a result, $PGE_2$ were decreased in a dose-dependent manner by aurantio-obtusin. The release of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and IL-6 were also reduced. Moreover, aurantio-obtusin suppressed LPL-induced $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation. These results suggest that the down regulation of NO, $PGE_2$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 expression by aurantio-obtusin are achieved by the downregulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.745-754
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• 2021

Deterioration of the immune function weakens the body's resistance to various infections, leading to a series of diseases. Immunomodulatory biomaterials have been used to reduce the side effects of immunosuppressants or to enhance immunity. Agarwood is the aromatic resinous portion of Aquilaria trees that has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of various diseases. Although previous studies have shown that agarwood can improve the body's immunity, evidence for this claim is still lacking. In this study, the immune-enhancing effects of the agarwood methanol extracts of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk were evaluated in a RAW 264.7 macrophage model. Based on the results, the agarwood extracts markedly enhanced phagocytosis in the absence of cytotoxicity. The agarwood extract-treated RAW 264.7 cells exhibited the typical morphology of activated macrophages, which are spindle-shaped with elongated filopodia. Agarwood extract also significantly increased the production of nitric oxide (NO), which is associated with the increased expression of inducible NO synthase. Moreover, the secretion and expression levels of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, were increased by agarwood treatment. Notably, these are also associated with a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings provide scientific evidence that agarwood has potential immune-enhancing effects in vitro.