• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2021

Purpose : Sayeok-tang (Sini decoction, SND) is a cold-dispelling formula used for cold deficiency syndrome and is composed of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preperata, Zingiberis Rhizoma, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. It is used for diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, acute and chronic gastroenteritis, and gastric effusion. This study proposes the possibility of expansion of basic research and clinical applications for ischemic heart disease (IHD) through systematic analysis of domestic and foreign studies on SND. Methods : We collected studies within the last 10 years on the use of SND in IHD and excluded those lacking relevance. Selected studies were classified by research method and the main themes of the studies were analyzed for each classification. Result: Out of 15 studies, there were 5 animal studies, 8 metabolite analyses in animals, 1 in vitro study, and 1 systematic review. Our review suggests that SND may be used as an adjuvant to nitroglycerin and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, and may improve symptoms and quality of life of patients with IHD. Myocardial protective effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-hypertensive actions were confirmed through these studies. Effects on carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism were also reported. Conclusions : This study suggests that SND has potential as a treatment for IHD.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.129-135
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• 2015

Objectives : Clerodendron trichotomumThunberg grows wild fields and mountains in South Korea and China. They have been used for anti-hypertension disease. This study was performed in order to observe the effects ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea on anti-hypertension.Methods : For the study ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea, we had divided male SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat) to ten groups. Control group is SHR. The treatment group is SHR which is administered tea extract at dose of 200 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day orally for 8 weeks. We measured systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, number of pulse, body weight, total cholesterol and triglyceride from blood serum.Results : The level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly decreased by 12.5% and 44.9% inClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea groups than control group. Heart rate ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea groups, 24.5%, was significantly lower than control group. We found that treatment with the water extract fromClerodendron trichotomumThunberg leave and flower significantly decreased weight of body, total cholesterol and triglyceride to 20.4% and 27.7% compared to untreated control group, significantly (P< 0.05).Conclusions : These results suggest that leaf and flower tea ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg tea is effective in prevention and treatment of hypertension and decreasing cholesterol. Long term consumption ofClerodendron trichotomumThunberg leaf and flower tea can be help in lowering high systolic and blood diastolic pressure, heart rate and blood serum in SHR.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2000

Objectives : To describe health behaviors related to hypertension in rural population of Korea and focused to identify inappropriate awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension. Methods : We surveyed 5,517 adults (2,288 males, 3,229 females) older than 30 years in 58 rural areas, purposely sampled nationwide from December 1996 to February 1997. Blood Pressure was checked twice af the time of the first visit. For those who showed high blood pressure using the JNC-6 criteria at their initial visit, we followed up their blood pressure one week later. Also information on the health behavior related to hypertension was collected through the person-to-person interview using structured questionnaire at the first visit. Results : For the past one year, females had more experiences of checking their blood pressure than males (77.3% versus 69.5%, p=0.001). Through the results of consecutively checked blood pressure, only 51.7% of the hypertensives were aware of their condition. Of the hypertensives who aware of their condition, 44.4% did not receive any medication and/or recommendation. And 50.4% of the hypertensives who had anti-hypertensive medication were classified as still having hypertensive blood pressure by 160/95 mmHg criteria. Of the medicated, 54.8% were found to take medication regularly for the past six months. Among the medicated, only 11.4% knew the name of anti-hypertensive drug they had. Conclusions : 'Rule of halves', which works in the situation of no special efforts for hypertension control, was identified. This study showed that much efforts to control hypertension would be required in the rural population of Korea.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.133-142
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• 2017

Previous studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation significantly improves the recovery of neurological function in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Potential repair mechanisms involve anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and angiogenesis. However, few studies have focused on the effects of MSCs on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and subsequent peroxynitrite formation after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). In this study, MSCs were transplanted intracerebrally into rats 6 hours after HICH. The modified neurological severity score and the modified limb placing test were used to measure behavioral outcomes. Blood-brain barrier disruption and neuronal loss were measured by zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and neuronal nucleus (NeuN) expression, respectively. Concomitant edema formation was evaluated by H&E staining and brain water content. The effect of MSCs treatment on neuroinflammation was analyzed by immunohistochemical analysis or polymerase chain reaction of CD68, Iba1, iNOS expression and subsequent peroxynitrite formation, and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$). The MSCs-treated HICH group showed better performance on behavioral scores and lower brain water content compared to controls. Moreover, the MSC injection increased NeuN and ZO-1 expression measured by immunochemistry/immunofluorescence. Furthermore, MSCs reduced not only levels of CD68, Iba1 and pro-inflammatory factors, but it also inhibited iNOS expression and peroxynitrite formation in perihematomal regions. The results suggest that intracerebral administration of MSCs accelerates neurological function recovery in HICH rats. This may result from the ability of MSCs to suppress inflammation, at least in part, by inhibiting iNOS expression and subsequent peroxynitrite formation.

• The Journal of Traditional Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.128-144
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• 2006

This Study aims at looking into the use of oriental medical services in treating hypertension. The first objective to be explored through this study is the morbidity caused by the disease, classifying them by age, gender, and occupation. The second is to determine the regular use of anti-hypertensive medicine and their efficacy in controlling blood-pressure. The third is to investigate the use-rate and satisfaction of oriental medical service. 838 households across the country, were asked to answer questionnaires for the period of time from Apr. to Jun. 2005. The conclusion from the survey can be summarized as following. The age of which the first medical diagnosis of hypertension were made showed lower in males, those with higher education and income. The study showed females were more active in blood-pressure control, with their frequent monitoring of blood-pressure for the past year. With age, people in under 50 age group proved to be less active. The management of high blood pressure was more effective in group with regular dosage compared to group with irregular use of anti-hypertensive medication, but their difference was minimal. Also, group with no medication showed signs of blood-pressure control. The use of oriental medical service for the past year, were more frequent in groups with lower education, either low or high income, old age, females and occupations in agriculture, forestry and fishing industry. Results were similar in both general population and high blood-pressure patient group. Females, people over 51 years old and with lower education showed more intentions in utilizing oriental medical services in the future. Results were similar in both general population and high blood-pressure patient group. It is necessary to offer a more accurate information on oriental medical treatments. Also, a systematic reform to reduce the patient's share of the treatment cost, as well as, heightening public awareness on the infirmity of present blood-pressure management system is crucial.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.795-801
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• 2017

Aralia elata Seemann (AE) has long been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases including diabetes mellitus, anti-arthritic, and anti-gastric ulcer agent in Korea, Japan, and China. This study was performed to establish a simple and reliable HPLC/UV analytical method for determination of most active anti-hypertensive compound, a 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}$2)-${\alpha}$-L-arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-${\beta}$-D-xylopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}6$)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosylester (HE) for the standardization of the shoot extract of AE as a health functional food ingredient. The quantitative analytical method of HE was optimized by HPLC analysis using reverse-phase C18 column at $40^{\circ}C$ with $H_2O$ and acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) as an isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection wavelength of UV 205 nm. This HPLC/UV analytical method showed good specificity and high linearity in the tested range of 0.03125-2.0mg/ml with excellent coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.9999. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were $12.0{\mu}g/mL$ and $36.5{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values of data from intra- and inter-day precision were less than 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. These results indicate that the established HPLC/UV analytical method is very simple, specific, precise, accurate, and reproducible and thus can be useful for the quantitative analysis of HE as a functional anti-hypertensive compound in AE extract.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.240-245
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• 2018

The fruits of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.) S. Y. Hu (Araliaceae), as edible fruits, were traditionally used for ingredients of wine or tea in Eastern Asia. In addition to, the fruits of E. sessiliflorus were known for having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, we investigated that the ethanolic extracts of E. sessiliflorus fruits (DHP1501) have effects on hypertension via vasorelaxation and decrease of blood pressure. In the present study, we investigated that the gene and protein expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was increased by treatment of DHP1501 in HUVECs. Moreover, we confirmed the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity of DHP1501 through in vitro tasks. Therefore, DHP1501 could be a candidate of functional food for alleviating hypertension.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 1982

In order to investigate the effect of 'Whangryonhaedok-Tang' on the anti-inflammatory, ileum of mice, blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol and antibacterial activity, those pharmacological actions were conducted. The results of this studies were summarized as follows; Rat hind paw edema induced by acetic acid was inhibited. In mice, tone of intestinal smooth muscle was suppressed with the treatment of sample and intestinal contractions induced by $BaCl_2$ was inhibited. Hypertensive effect was not observed in rabbits but was observed by the water extract of 'Whangryonhaedok-Tang' excluded Phellodendri Cortex in rabbits. The increased blood glucose levels in alloxandiabetic rabbits were significantly decreased by the oral administration of the sample I after 6 days. The total cholesterol levels in alloxan-induced rabbits were significantly decreased by the oral administration of the sample I after 9 days. Antibacterial activity was observed. In addition, we thought the pharmacological actions were significantly noted by the sample III (Methanol soluble fraction) because of the purification of effective components.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.364-375
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• 2011

Given that single blockade with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) can achieve only partial and undurable suppression of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), it has been hypothesized that dual blockage would be more beneficial in the management of blood pressure (BP) reduction and prevention of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) than either agent alone. Thus, it has been suggested that the combination of an ACEI and an ARB might provide renal benefits to hypertensive patients over and above BP reduction. However, this might also expose patients to additive or synergistic side effects. We attempted to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the benefits and harms of combination therapy in hypertensive patients with or without kidney diseases. MEDLINE and KoreaMed were searched for relevant randomized clinical trials in adult hypertensive patients with or without diabetes (restricted to 1997, limited to trials published in English). Results were summarized using the random-effects model, and between-studies heterogeneity was estimated with $I^2$. A final analysis of ten trials (23,928 patients) revealed that the combination of an ACEI and an ARB reduced blood pressure (SBP/DBP) by 3.95/2.02 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], -4.38 to -3.53/-2.33 to -1.71) compared with ACEI monotherapy, and 2.83/2.64 mmHg (95% CI, -3.25 to -2.41/-4.95 to -0.33) compared with ARB monotherapy. Eight trials (391 patients) demonstrated a significant reduction in 24h-proteinuria (weighted mean difference, 0.16 g/day, 95% CI, -0.26-0.05), but they did not translate into an improvement in GFR. Tests for heterogeneity showed no difference in effect among the studies. The combination therapy reduced proteinuria by 30% (95% CI, 23% to 37%) and 39% (95% CI, 31% to 48%) compared with ACEI monotherapy and ARB monotherapy, respectively. However, in patients who had proteinuria more than 0.5 g/day, the combination therapy failed to show significant reduction in urinary protein excretion. The current cumulative evidence suggests that diabetic patients with proteinuria on dual RAS blockade have an increase risk of adverse events such as hyperkalemia, hypotension, and so on, compared with ACEI or ARB alone. It is, therefore, proposed that the combination therapy should not be routinely used for the treatment of hypertension with or without compelling indications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.483-490
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 50% ethanol extracts of ripe black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis, RBR) on hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The final systolic blood pressure of the group treated with RBR for 12 weeks was significantly lower than that of the SHR group. The mRNA expression level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was significantly decreased in SHR. However, treatment with RBR and captopril increased the level of eNOS mRNA in SHR. Moreover, plasma levels of homocysteine and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were significantly reduced by RBR. Plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower in SHR than Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). However, there was no significant difference in plasma triglyceride level between WKY and SHR. The number of eosinophilic cardiac muscle cells was reduced in heart muscles after treatment with captopril and RBR. Therefore, this study suggests that RBR extracts may be useful for improvement of hypertension.