• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2016

This study was performed to develop a new process technology for advanced wastewater treatment using a modified Rotating Activated Bacillus Contactor (RABC) process that adopts anoxic-oxic suspended biomass tanks to enhance nutrients removal. A modified lab-scale RABC process was applied to examine its applicability and to obtain the design factors for the optimum operation of the system. The modified RABC process showed a little more stable and high nutrients removal efficiency than the prototype RABC process: about 70% of nitrogen and 55% of phosphorous removal when the low organic loading (influent COD 200mg/L). However, the processing efficiency of nutrients removal rates was enhanced to great extent when high organic loading: nitrogen 90% and phosphorous 85% (influent COD 500mg/L). High organic loading stimulated extremely good biomass attachment on the reticular carrier RABC stage and the excellent nutrients removal, nevertheless with almost no offensive odor.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.82-93
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• 2014

A starch ball was devised to conveniently supply carbon source to indigenous microorganisms and to enhance biotransformation of explosive compounds(TNT and RDX) in the sediments of settling basins installed in military shooting ranges. To identify optimum dose/sediment ratio for degradation of explosives in the basin, a series of bench scale settling basin experiments were performed for 30 days while monitoring supernatant pH, DO, concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, explosive compounds, and acute toxicity measured by bacterial luminescence. Addition of starch ball induced changes in oxidation conditions from oxic to anoxic in the benthic zone of the basin, which resulted in subsequent reductive degradation of both TNT and RDX in the liquid and solid phase of basin. However, fermentation products of excess starch, acetic acid and formic acid, caused acute toxicity in the liquid phase. The optimum ratio of starch ball/sediment for explosive compounds degradation by inducing changes in bio-geochemical environments without increase in acute toxicity, was found to be 0.009~0.017.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2010

A pilot-scale biological aerated filter (BAF) was operated with an anaerobic, anoxic and oxic zone at $23{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The influent sCOD and total nitrogen concentrations in the feedwater were approximately 250 mg/L and 35 mg N/L, respectively. sCOD removal at optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3 hours with recirculation rates of 100, 200 and 300% in the column was more than 96%. Total nitrogen removal was consistently above 80% for 4 and 6 hours HRT at 300% recirculation. For 3 hours HRT and 300% recirculation, total nitrogen removal was approximately 79%. Based on fitting results, the kinetic parameter values on nitrification and denitrification show that as recirculation rates increased, the rate of ammonia and nitrate transformation increased. The ammonium loading rates for maximum ammonium removed were 0.15 and 0.19 kg $NH_3$-N/$m^3$-day for 100% and 200% recirculation, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the BAF can be operated at an HRT of 3 hours with 200 - 300% recirculation rates with more than 96 % removal of sCOD and ammonium, and at least 75% removal of total nitrogen.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

Biological nutrient removal is gaining increasing attention in wastewater treatment plants; however, it is adversely affected by low temperatures. This study examined temperature effects on nutrient removal and morphological stability of the granular and denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO and DPAO, respectively) using sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) at 5, 10, and 20 ℃. Lab-scale SBRs were continuously operated using anaerobic-anoxic and anaerobic-oxic cycles to develop the PAO and DPAO granules for 230 d. Sludge granulation in the two SBRs was observed after approximately 200 d. The average removal efficiency of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and PO₄^3--P remained >90% throughout, even when the temperature dropped to 5 ℃. The average removal efficiency of NO₃^--N remained >80% consistently in DPAO SBR. However, nitrification drastically decreased at 10 ℃. Hence, the removal efficiency of NH₄⁺-N was decreased from 99.1% to 54.5% in PAO SBR. Owing to the increased oxygen penetration depth at low temperatures, the influence on nitrification rates was limited. The granule in DPAO and PAO SBR was observed to be unstable and disintegrated at 10 ℃. In conclusion, morphological characteristics showed that changed conversion rates at low temperatures in aerobic granular sludge altered both nutrient removal efficiencies and granule formation.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 1997

염분약층으로 발달한 강력한 성층에 의해 저염분-유산소의 표층수와 고염분-무산소의 저층수로 분리된 시화호의 한 정점에서 퇴적물을 시추하였다. 공극수 암모니아와 납은 매우 높은 농도로 분포하여, 암모니아는 퇴적깊이 9cm에서 1420 ${\mu}M$에 이르고 낚은 3 cm에서 최대 농도 1348 nM에 이른다. 환원상태에서 안정한 암모니아와 납의 고 농도분포는 성층으로 형성된 저층수와 퇴적층의 무산소 환경이 심각한 상태임을 시사한다. 저층수의 고립은 저층용출에 의한 저층수의 수질오염 가능성을 제시한다. 암모니아의 총 저층용출량과 저층수의 암모니아 총량으로부터 저층수의 암모니아 체류시간을 3.1년로 유도하였는데, 이 시간은 방조제 완공후 조사 당시까지의 경과시간 2.5년과 거의 일치한다. 두 시간의 일치는 적어도 암모니아에 대해서 저층수의 수질오염이 대부분 시화호 바닥 퇴적물에서 발원하는 저층용출에 의해 진행되고 있음을 시사한다. 저층수 납의 체류시간은 20일 정도로 상당히 빠르게 나타나는데, 이것은 퇴적물에서 저층수로 용출된 납이 곧바로 침전되어 퇴적물로 돌아옴을 시사한다. 저층수의 높은 황화수소 농도와 쇄설성 입자의 높은 침강량은 납황화물 형태의 침전 가능성을 높여준다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2013

간척지를 포함하고 있는 연구지역에서 육지에서 해안지역으로 근접할수록 측정된 지하수의 산화환원 전위 (Eh)와 용존 산소량 (DO)은 낮게 관찰되었다 (Eh: 0.57 V ${\rightarrow}$ 0.13 V, DO; 9.7 mg/l ${\rightarrow}$ 1.3 mg/l). 이는 연구지역 지하수의 산화환경이 육지에서 해안가로 근접할수록 호기성 환경에서 아혐기성/혐기성 환경으로 변화한다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 지하수 수질 분석 결과에 의하면 철이온 (Fe)이 지하수에 많이 포함되어 있으며 (> 20 mg/l), 대부분의 2가 철로 존재한다. 이러한 연구지역 해안가 지하수들의 특징들은 지하수들이 철의 환원작용 (Fe reduction)이 일어날 수 있는 혐기성 환경에 위치하고 있음을 지시해준다. 철 환원작용이 일어나기 위해서는 3가 철의 공급원이 필요한데, 관측정 퇴적물의 철이온 추출실험에 의하면 연구지역의 퇴적물은 철 환원작용에 필요한 3가 철이온에 대한 충분한 공급원 역할을 할 수 있다. 따라서 분석한 지하수 및 퇴적물의 결과들을 종합해석하면, 연구지역에서 일어나는 철 환원작용은 갯벌의 간척활동과 많은 관련을 가지고 있는 것으로 추정된다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 혐기조 및 무산소조, 호기조로 구성된 상향류식 고정상 담체 반응장치와 호기조로 고정상 담체 대신에 유동상 담체를 사용한 Loop Reactor로 이루어진 장치에서 생활하수를 이용하여 성능실험을 수행한 후 HRT에 따른 유기물 및 T-N, T-P 등 오염물질의 제거 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 두 반응기 모두 평균 BOD 제거율과 SS 제거율은 HRT가 증가함에 따라 증가하다가 HRT 16 h 이상에서는 일정한 수치를 나타내고 있으며 HRT 16 h에서 고정상 담체 반응기와 Loop Reactor의 평균 BOD 제거율은 각각 86.6%, 90.9%이었으며 평균 SS 제거율은 각각 78.0%, 88.2%로 Loop Reactor의 경우가 각각 4.3%, 10.2%의 더 높은 BOD와 SS 제거율을 나타내었다. 또한 평균 $COD_{Cr}$, 제거율 및 평균 $COD_{Mn}$ 제거율은 BOD와 SS 제거율과 마찬가지로 HRT가 증가함에 따라 증가하다가 HRT 16 h에서 일정한 수치를 나타내고 있으며 고정상 담체 반응기와 Loop Reactor의 평균 $COD_{Cr}$, 제거율은 각각 63.5%, 75.2%이었으며 평균 $COD_{Mn}$ 제거율은 각각 60.7%, 73.6%로 Loop Reactor의 경우가 11.7%, 12.9% 더 높은 제거율을 나타내었다. 반면에 평균 T-N 제거율 및 T-P 제거율은 두 반응기 모두 HRT가 증가함에 따라 제거율은 계속 증가하는 양상을 보여주고 있으며 HRT 16 h에서 Loop Reactor의 경우 평균 T-N 제거율 및 평균 T-P 제거율은 각각 33.6%, 54.5%로 고정상 담체 반응기보다 14.1%, 10.8%의 더 높은 제거율을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 Loop Reactor가 성능이 훨씬 더 우수하였으며 최적 HRT는 16 h임을 알 수 있었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.745-764
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• 2023

In the Republic of Congo, Banded iron formations (BIFs) occur in two areas: the Chaillu Massif and the Ivindo Basement Complex, which are segments of the Archean Congo craton outcropping in the northwestern and southwestern parts of the country. They show interesting potential with significant mineral resources reaching 2 Bt and grades up to 60% Fe. BIFs consist mostly of oxide-rich facies (hematite/magnetite), but carbonate-rich facies are also highlighted. They are found across the country within the similar geological sequences composed of amphibolites, gneisses and greenschists. The Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized patterns of BIFs show enrichment in elements such as SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CaO, P₂O₅, Cr, Cu, Zn, Nb, Hf, U and depletion in TiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, Sc, Th, Ba, Zr, Rb, Ni, V. REE diagrams show slight light REEs (rare earth elements; LREEs) compared to heavy REEs (HREEs), and positive La and Eu anomalies. The lithological associations, as well as the very high (Eu/Eu^*)_SN ratios> 1.8 shown by the BIFs, suggest that they are related to Algoma-type BIFs. The positive correlations between Zr and TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Hf suggest that the contamination comes mainly from felsic rocks, while the absence of correlations between MgO and Cr, Ni argues for negligeable contributions from mafic sources. Pr/Pr^* vs. Ce/Ce^* diagram indicates that the Congolese BIFs were formed in basins with redox heterogeneity, which varies from suboxic to anoxic and from oxic to anoxic conditions. They were formed through hydrothermal vents in the seawater, with relatively low proportions of detrital inputs derived from igneous sources through continental weathering. Some Congolese BIFs show high contents in Cr, Ni and Cu, which suggest that iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) have been leached through hydrothermal processes associated with submarine volcanism. We discussed their tectonic setting and depositional environment and proposed that they were deposited in extensional back-arc basins, which also recorded hydrothermal vent fluids.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2006

생물학적 고도처리는 혐기, 무산소, 호기의 조건을 반복하거나 재배열함으로서 이루어지는데 이때 혐기조와 무산소조에서는 유기산이 발생한다. 여기서 발생한 유기산은 질소와 인의 제거와 슬러지침강성에 중요한 인자로 작용한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 하 폐수 고도처리 시 F/M비 변화에 따른 유기산의 발생정도와 잔류농도 변화와 기에 따른 유기물과 질소의 제거 특성과 처리효율 및 슬러지 침강성과의 관계를 모색하기 위해 특성을 검토 하였다. 고도처리를 위해 $A^2/O$ 공정을 사용하였고 MLSS의 농도의 변화로 F/M비를 조절하였다. F/M비를 $0.16{\sim}0.08$ kg-BOD/kg-MLSS/day로 변화 시켰을 때 F/M비에 감소에 따라 회분식 반응기에 의한 유기산의 생성량의 증가하였고 잔류 유기산 농도는 감소하였다가 증가하였다. F/M비가 $0.16kg/kg{\cdot}d$ 실험 조건에서 SVI와 SS는 높게 나타났으며 F/M비가 $0.11{\sim}0.13kg/kg{\cdot}d$로 높아짐에 따라 감소하여 양호한 상태를 보이다 F/M비가 증가함에 SVI와 SS도 지속적으로 증가하여 $0.08kg/kg{\cdot}d$에서 높은 SVI와 SS 농도를 나타내었다. 무산소조의 유기산 잔류 농도 그리고 탈질률을 비교한 결과 무산소조의 유기산 잔류량이 적을수록 탈질률은 증가하였다. 슬러지 침강성과 질소 제거효율을 고려한 최적의 유기산 잔류 농도는 $1.4{\sim}2.2$ mg/L이며 이때의 F/M비는 $0.11{\sim}0.13$ kg-BOD/kg-MLSS/day범위로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.329-334
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• 2009

Bacterial numbers, such as endospore-formers, and treatment efficiencies were investigated for Rotating Activated Bacillus Contactors (RABC) and other advanced wastewater treatment processes including anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O), sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and biological aerated filter (BAF). Endospore-forming bacterial numbers in the RABC showed 129-fold higher levels than those of the existing advanced systems. RABC process demonstrated the highest bacterial numbers in its bioreactors (paired t-test, p<0.01). RBC biofilms and aeration tanks of the RABC system showed 131- and 476-fold higher than other existing advanced processes, respectively. Mean treatment efficiencies of the existing systems were 83.5% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 59.1% for total nitrogen (TN) and 76.8% for total phosphorus (TP). However, RABC process removed 96.9% for COD, 96.9% for TN and 91.9% for TP for highly concentrated food wastewater (COD>1,500 mg/L, TN>150 mg/L, TP>50 mg/L). Treatment efficiency was significantly reduced when the numbers of Bacillus genus in the bioreactors decreased below $10^6CFU/mL$. The automated RABC (A-RABC), in which dissolved oxygen concentrations are automatically controlled, showed higher treatment efficiencies compared to the RABC process. The RABC system maintained sufficient bacterial numbers for the effective treatment of highly concentrated food wastewater. Moreover, final effluent was in agreement to water quality standards.