• 환경정책연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.95-117
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• 2004

This study was conducted to estimate nitrogen discharge from Korea (southern part of Korean peninsula) as NPS(non-point source) by mass balance approach; input and output analyses of nitrogen using existing data available. The material flow was sectored into three different activities; agricultural (raising crop and animals), human and natural activities in forest and urban areas. Atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, inorganic fertilizers and manures applied, animal feed and imported foodstuffs such as crops, meat and fish were the inputs in this study, while ammonia volatilization, denitrification, human and animal waste generation, crop and meat production, and discharge into river to ocean were the outputs. The estimated total nitrogen input was $1,194.5{\times}10^3$ tons N/year and the river discharge was 408 to $422{\times}10^3$ tons N/year, of which 66 to 71% was from NPS. In detail, the estimated NPS discharges were respectively $8,274\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from agricultural area, $730\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from forest and $7,657\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from the other land areas such as urban and industrial area.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1996년도 International Conference on Agricultural Machinery Engineering Proceedings
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• pp.701-710
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• 1996

Composting has gained rapid acceptance as a method of recyling relatively dry organic materials such as leaves and brush and , when alternative disposal costs are high, even moist materials such as grass clippings and dewatered sewage sludges. However, as moisture contents rise above 60% , the need for a dry bulking amendment increase the costs of composting , both by direct purchases of amendment and though increased reactor capacity and materials handling requirements. High moisture materials also present increased risks of anaerobic odor formation through reduced oxygen transport (Miller , 1991) . These costs and operational challengers often constrain the opportunities to compost high moisture materials such as agricultural manures. During the last several decades economies of scale in livestock production have been increasing livestock densities and creating manure management challenges throughout the world. This issue is particularly pressing in Korea, where livestock arms typically manage little or no cropland, and the nutrients and boichemical oxygen demand in manure pose a serious threat to water quality. Composting has recently become popular as a means of recycling manure into products for sale off the farm, but bulking amendments (usually sawdust) are expensive designed to minimize bulking agent requirements by using the energy liberated by decompostion. In this context the composting reactor is used as a biological dryer, allowing the repeated use of bulking amendment with several batches of manure.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2003

This study was performed to test the cellulose digestibility using the transgenic pigs harboring cellulose degradation gene D (CelD). After delivered offsprings between normal pig and transgenic swine, DNA was isolated from piglets tail for PCR analysis. In first generation, five out of 65 piglets showed CelD positive. Unfortunately, four CelD-positive pigs were died during growing, but one survived pig was used as a transgenic founder to produce F$_1$ descendents. Among 3 F$_1$ transgenic pigs produced, one died and the remaining two pigs were used to test the fiber digest efficiency. An assorted feed was composite of 5％ fiber with other ingredients. The feed of 3 kg per day was provided to the pigs including transgenic founders and littermate controls. The manure quantity was measured daily for a month, and all manures were dried for three days to analysis nitrogen, phosphate and fiber concentrations. The fiber digestion efficiencies of the transgenic F$_1$ pigs showed approximately 10％ higher than those of control pigs. Fiber digestion was not greatly improved in transgenic pigs as it had been expected approximately 30％. Nitrogen concentration of transgenic pig's manure was slowly decreased compare to the control pigs. Because there were only two transgenic pigs tested, a large number of transgenic pigs may be necessary to obtain more reliable data. Breeding of animals to obtain sufficient transgenic pigs subjected for a further study is on progress. Taken together, this study demonstrated successful production of transgenic pigs with increase of cellulose digestibility in the porcine feed.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.212-216
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• 2015

This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of slurry acidification in reducing ammonia emission from manure storage and application. The non-fermented cattle manure (NFC) and swine slurry (SS) were acidified by sulfuric acid and stored in an acryl chamber for 168 and 96 hours, respectively. Ammonia emitted from the chamber was collected using an acid trap system. The amount of ammonia emission was significantly reduced when the livestock manures were treated with sulfuric acid. The absolute amount of ammonia in NFC increased rapidly starting from 48 h and 72 h in the control (pH 8.6) and acidified NFC (pH 6.5), respectively. The absolute amount of ammonia was the highest at 96 h ($3.65g\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$) in the control and at 144 h ($2.34g\;kg^{-1}h^{-1}$) in pH 6.5 NFC. The cumulative ammonia content in the control continuously increased until 96 h and was maintained until 168 h, whereas the increase rate of emission gas accumulation in acidified NFC was much less throughout the experimental period. Acidification of SS mitigated ammonia emission as proven in NFC. The cumulative amount of ammonia emission was decreased by 49.4% and 92.3% in the acidified SS at pH 6.5 and pH 5.5, respectively, compared to the control at 96 h after treatment. These results indicate that ammonia emission can be significantly reduced by sulfuric acid treatment of livestock manure during processing and the subsequent land application.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2014

Many studies on methane ($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emissions from livestock industries have revealed that livestock production directly contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through enteric fermentation and manure management, which causes negative impacts on animal environment sustainability. In the present study, three essential values for GHG emission were measured; i.e., i) maximum $CH_4$ producing capacity at mesophilic temperature ($37^{\circ}C$) from anaerobically stored manure in livestock category ($B_{0,KM}$, Korean livestock manure for $B_0$), ii) $EF_{3(s)}$ value representing an emission factor for direct $N_2O$ emissions from manure management system S in the country, kg $N_2O-N$ kg $N^{-1}$, at mesophilic ($37^{\circ}C$) and thermophilic ($55^{\circ}C$) temperatures, and iii) $N_{ex(T)}$ emissions showing annual N excretion for livestock category T, kg N $animal^{-1}$ $yr^{-1}$, from different livestock manure. Static incubation with and without aeration was performed to obtain the $N_2O$ and $CH_4$ emissions from each sample, respectively. Chemical compositions of pre- and post- incubated manure were analyzed. Contents of total solids (% TS) and volatile solid (% VS), and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C/N) decrease significantly in all the samples by C-containing biogas generation, whereas moisture content (%) and pH increased after incubation. A big difference of total nitrogen content was not observed in pre- and post-incubation during $CH_4$ and $N_2O$ emissions. $CH_4$ emissions (g $CH_4$ kg VS-1) from all the three manures (sows, layers and Korean cattle) were different and high C/N ratio resulted in high $CH_4$ emission. Similarly, $N_2O$ emission was found to be affected by % VS, pH, and temperature. The $B_{0,KM}$ values for sows, layers, and Korean cattle obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ are 0.0579, 0.0006, and 0.0828 $m^3$ $CH_4$ kg $VS^{-1}$, respectively, which are much less than the default values in IPCC guideline (GL) except the value from Korean cattle. For sows and Korean cattle, $N_{ex(T)}$ values of 7.67 and 28.19 kg N $yr^{-1}$, respectively, are 2.5 fold less than those values in IPCC GL as well. However, $N_{ex(T)}$ value of layers 0.63 kg N $yr^{-1}$ is very similar to the default value of 0.6 kg N $yr^{-1}$ in IPCC GLs for National greenhouse gas inventories for countries such as South Korea/Asia. The $EF_{3(s)}$ value obtained at $37^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ were found to be far less than the default value.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.273-282
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• 2004

축분퇴비를 농경지에 환원시키는 방안은 작물에 필요한 영양분을 공급하는 측면외에도 토양의 이화학적 특성을 개선시켜 비옥도를 증진시키는 긍정적인 면인 있으나 중금속 함량이 높은 퇴비의 연용은 토양 내 중금속을 집적시켜 잠재적인 위해(危害).수준에 이를 수 있다. 그러므로 퇴비의 안전한 사용을 위해서는 총 중금속 함량과 더불어 생태계로의 이동 및 식물에 흡수 이용될 수 있는 중금속의 화학적 형태에 대한 정보가 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 톱밥이나 왕겨를 수분조절재로 이용한 축분퇴비에 대해서 총 중금속 농도와 중금속 화학종분화(化學種分化)에 대한 조사를 수행하였다. 퇴비의 조제원료로 사용된 축분의 종류에 따라 돈분퇴비, 계분퇴비 및 혼합분퇴비(돈분+계분+우분)로 분류하여 각각 25점씩 총 75점에 대한 축분퇴비시료를 전국에 걸쳐 수집하였다. 분석대상 중금속 원소는 Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd 및 Pb이며, 분석방법은 산분해법에 의한 총 중금속 농도와 단계별 추출법에 의한 치환태, 흡착태, 유기태, 탄산태 및 황화물 잔류태로 분류하여 화학적 분포를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 본 연구에 사용된 모든 축분퇴비의 총 중금속 함량은 비료관리법의 허용기준을 만족하는 것으로 분석되었으며 또한 돈분퇴비의 총 중금속 함량은 계분퇴비나 혼합분 퇴비에 비해 Cr을 제외한 모든 항목에서 높게 분석되었다. 축분 퇴비에 다량으로 존재하는 중금속 원소인 Zn, Cu의 함량은 건물(建物)기준으로 각각 157${\sim}$839mg Zn/kg, 47${\sim}$458mg Cu/kg으로 퇴비에 사용된 가축분의 종류에 따라 편차가 심한 것을 알 수 있었다. 추출된 중금속의 주된 형태는 Cr, Ni, Zn, As 및 Pb은 황화물 잔류태, Cu는 유기태, Cd은 탄산염태로 분석되었다. 본 연구결과 축분퇴비 내 중금속의 화학적 분포를 현행 총 중금속 허용기준에 추가 기준으로 지정하는 퇴비공정규격의 개정이 필여하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.280-289
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• 2015

Anaerobic digestion is an efficient and renewable energy technology that can produce biogas from a variety of biomasses such as animal manure, food waste and plant residues. In developing countries this technology is widely used for the production of biogas using local biomasses, but there is little information about the value of these biomasses for energy production. This study was therefore carried out with the objective of estimating the biogas production potential of typical Vietnamese biomasses such as animal manure, slaughterhouse waste and plant residues, and developing a model that relates methane ($CH_4$) production to the chemical characteristics of the biomass. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) and biomass characteristics were measured. Results showed that piglet manure produced the highest $CH_4$ yield of 443 normal litter (NL) $CH_4kg^{-1}$ volatile solids (VS) compared to 222 from cows, 177 from sows, 172 from rabbits, 169 from goats and 153 from buffaloes. Methane production from duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza) was higher than from lawn grass and water spinach at 340, 220, and 110.6 NL $CH_4kg^{-1}$ VS, respectively. The BMP experiment also demonstrated that the $CH_4$ production was inhibited with chicken manure, slaughterhouse waste, cassava residue and shoe-making waste. Statistical analysis showed that lipid and lignin are the most significant predictors of BMP. The model was developed from knowledge that the BMP was related to biomass content of lipid, lignin and protein from manure and plant residues as a percentage of VS with coefficient of determination (R-square) at 0.95.This model was applied to calculate the $CH_4$ yield for a household with 17 fattening pigs in the highlands and lowlands of northern Vietnam.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2005

본 연구는 가축분뇨의 양분 유실량을 조사하기 위하여 옥수수 재배시 비료의 종류(화학비료, 돈분퇴비 및 우분액비)와 경사도($0\%\;9\%\;18\%$)를 달리 했을 때 옥수수의 생산성과 유실수중의 N과 P의 함량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 옥수수의 건물수량은 경사도와 비례하여 감소하였고, 비료의 종류에 따라서는 우분액비, 화학비료, 돈분퇴비의 순으로 높았으며, N 함량은 화학비료, 우분액비, 돈분퇴비의 순으로 증가되었지만, 경사도에 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 옥수수에 의한 N 생산량은 경사도의 증가와 비례하여 감소하였고 우분액비가 돈분퇴비 시용시보다 2배 이상 많았다. 또한, 가축분뇨의 종류와 경사도별 유실수중의 년중 평균 무기태 N 함량은 서로간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았고, $NO_3$ -N 함량의 변화는 경사도와 비례하여 높게 나타났으며, $NO_3$-N의 함량은 결코 8ppm $NH_4$-N과 $PO_4$-P의 함량은 1 ppm을 초과하지 않았다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to the effects of population density and C/N ratios of feed on the growth, reproductive effciency and cast producation of the earthworm(Eisenia foetida). The population densities of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 individuals of the earthworm fed with different C/N ratios of 25, 35, 45 and 55 cow manures were studied in rearing box($6,400cm^3$), and at the fertility stage during a period of 60 days. The results were summarized as follows; The survial rate(SR), increasing rate(IR), reproductive efficiency(RE) and cast production of the earthworms showed highest values in C/N ratio of 25. These results may indicate that C/N ratio of 25 is a very favourable feed for the growth of the earthworms. The survial rate(SR) indicated significant positive correlation with reproductive efficiency(RE) in different C/N ratios of feeds. The survial rate(SR) showed highest values in population densities of $50{\sim}100$ worms/$6,400cm^3(64.0{\sim}128.0cm^3/worm$). On the contrary, increasing rate(IR) tended to decreased with the increased population densities. The survival rate(SR) indicated significant negative correlation with reproductive efficiency(RE) in different population densities of the earthworms. The cast production estimated were $31.6mg{\sim}67.4mg/day/worm$ grown in optimum population densities($50{\sim}100\;worms/6,400cm^3$). The earthworm casting are an excellent soil conditioning material or organic fertilizer sources with a high chemical composition and their physical properties.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.254-259
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• 1998

농가에서 실행되고 있는 유기농업의 실증적 연구를 위하여 돈분, 또는 돈분과 계분을 혼합하여 만든 발효퇴비를 10a 당 3, 6, 12ton씩 시비하고 다시 미생물제를 처리한 후 토마토의 생육, 수량 및 토양 중 양분의 변화를 조사하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 토마토 초장은 퇴비 시용구에서 관행구에 비하여 길었으며 엽폭은 관행구에서 더 긴 것으로 나타났다. 엽록소 함량은 관행구에서 계속적으로 높은 값을 보였으며 퇴비 시용량의 차이에 따른 엽록소 함량의 차이는 정식 45일 후부터 아주 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 미생물제를 사용하여 충분히 발효시킨 경우 12ton/10a의 시용에서 토마토의 수량이 관행구의 50-60%에 불과하였으나, 재배도중 추비하였을 경우에는 6ton/10a 시용구에서 관행구의 82%정도에 달하는 수량을 얻었다. 3. 일차 발효된 퇴비의 시용 후에 미생물제의 토양 살포는 질소성분의 빠른 유실을 초래하였으며 토양중 미생물의 밀도를 상당히 높혀주는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 과실의 색깔은 모든 퇴비 시용구에서 관행구에 비하여 붉은 색이 선명하게 나타났으며, 당도와 산도는 퇴비 시용량이 많은 12ton/10a 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 경도는 관행구에서 유기물 시용구에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 5. 퇴비 시용구에서 $NO_3-N$와 $NH_4-N$의 함량은 시용 직후에는 많은 양이 검출되었으나 급속히 감속되어 4-5주 후부터 아주 미량이 검출되었다. 그러나 인산, 칼륨, 마그네슘 및 칼슘의 함량은 서서히 감소되는 경향을 보였다.