• Title/Summary/Keyword: Anhydrous

검색결과 313건 처리시간 0.027초

무가습 고온 PEFC용 이온성 액체 및 산이 함유된 복합막의 특성 (Characteristics of composite membranes containing ionic liquid and acid for anhydrous high temperature PEFCs)

  • 백지숙;박진수;박승희;양태현;박구곤;임성대;김창수;설용건
    • 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국신재생에너지학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.378-378
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    • 2009
  • The ionic liquid-based sulfonated hydrocarbon composite membranes was prepared for use in anhydrous high temperature-polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT-PEFCs). Ionic liquid behaves like water in the composite membranes under anhydrous condition. However the composite membranes show a low conductivity and high gas permeability as the content of ionic liquid increases due to its high viscosity and content of ionic liquid, respectively. Hence, in order to enhance the proton conductivity and to reduce the gas permeability of the composite membranes with low content of ionic liquids, the acid containing a common ion of ionic liquid was added to the composite membranes. The characterization of composite membranes was carried out using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and impedance spectroscopy. As a result, the composite membranes containing acid showed higher proton conductivity than those with no acid under the un-humidified condition due to a decrease in viscosity. In addition, the proton conductivity of composite membranes increased with increasing mole concentration of acid.

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Aspergillus kawachii를 이용한 약주 양조법에 따른 무기물의 변화 I (Studies on the Change of Minerals during Yakju Brewing(I))

  • 이상영;임형식;박계인
    • 미생물학회지
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.116-122
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    • 1975
  • Calcium and magnesium in polished rice, polished barley, what flour, and corn which were used for Yakju fermentation were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and their quantitative changes in the filtrates of mashes were checked at 24 hours intervals dueing the whole brewing period. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Mineral contens of raw materials(mg% of each anhydrous materials). Ca : polished rice 8.21, polished barley 26.11, wheat flour 66.10, corn 86.63 2) Mineral contents of kojies made from raw materials (mg %of each anhydrous materials). Ca : rice koji 26.36, barley koji 97.61, what flour koji 87.69, corn koji 16.13, seeding koji 28.76 Mg: rice koji 29.29, barley koji 39.84, what flour koji 244.50, corn koji 102.64, seeding koji 143.79 3) Quantitative changes of minerals in the fitrates of mashes. Calcium contents in the filtrates of mashes were increased gradually after mashing in the first stage but unchanged till the mashes were ripened after mashing in the second stage. On the other hand, magnesium cotents were decreased gradually after increase in the the other hand, magnesium contens were decreased gradually after increase in the first stage but showed a tendency to increase gradually in the second stage. 4)Mineral contents of Yakjues produced, marketing Yakju, and natural water for brewing (g/ml). Ca : rice Yakju 72.38, barley Yakju 84.08, what flour Yakju 105.32, corn Yakju 71.26, marketing Yakju 71.50, natural water for brewing 51.25 Mg :rice Yakju 93.67, barley Yakju 62.39, wheat flour Yakju 273.34, corn Yakju 321,60, marketing Yakju 90.00, natrual water for brewing 20.00 5) Mineral contents of Yakju residues (mg% of each anhydrous matrials). Ca : rice Yakju residues 209.70, barley Yakju residues 62.83, what flour Yakju residues 133.92, corn Yakju residues 60.64 Mg : rice Yakju residues 15.62, barley Yakju residuet 13.22, wheat flour Yakju residues 59.10, corn Yakju residues 67.38

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Poly(vinyl chloride) 빗살형 공중합체를 이용한 무가습 수소이온 전도성 전해질막의 제조 (Preparation of Proton Conducting Anhydrous Membranes Using Poly(vinyl chloride) Comb-like Copolymer)

  • 김종학;고주환;서진아;안성훈;증효뢰
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.89-95
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    • 2009
  • Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 주사슬과 poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) 곁사슬로 구성된 빗살모양의 PVC-g-PHEA 공중합체를 원자전달라디칼 중합을 통해 합성하였다. 이렇게 합성된 PVC-g-PHEA의 OH 그룹과 이미다졸 디카르복실릭산 (IDA)의 COOH 그룹과의 에스테르 반응에 의하여 가교된 전해질막을 제조하였다. 인산(PA)을 도핑하여 이미다졸-인산 착체를 형성한 결과, PA함량이 증가함에 따라 고분자 전해질막의 수소 이온 전도도가 증가하였다. 특히 100도 비가습 조건에서 수소 이온 전도도는 최대 0.011 S/cm까지 증가하였다. 만능 재료 시험기(UTM) 측정결과, 제조된 PVC-g-PHEA/IDA/PA 전해질막은 575 MPa의 높은 Young 모듈러스 및 기계적 강도를 보여주었다. 열분석 결과(TGA) 전해질막은 $200^{\circ}C$까지 열적으로 안정함을 확인하였다.

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Supplementation and Anhydrous Ammonia Treatment of Wheat Straw on In-situ Degradability and, Rumen Fermentation and Growth Performance of Yearling Lambs

  • Comert, Muazzez;Sayan, Yilmaz;Ozelcam, Hulya;Baykal, Gulsah Yegenoglu
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제28권5호
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    • pp.639-646
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    • 2015
  • The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation ($6.6{\times}10^8cfu$) and anhydrous ammonia treatment (3%) of wheat straw (WS) were investigated on in-situ dry matter (DM) degradability, and on rumen fermentation and growth performance of lambs. Rumen-fistulated Menemen sheep fed a diet with and without live yeast were used to assess the DM degradability characteristics of WS and ammonia-treated wheat straw ($WS_{NH3}$). Twenty-six yearling Menemen male lambs were fed in four groups. Lambs of control group (WS) received untreated WS without supplemental yeast, whereas other three groups were fed WS treated with anhydrous ammonia ($WS_{NH3}$ group), untreated WS and yeast (WS+YEAST group) or WS treated with anhydrous ammonia and yeast ($WS_{NH3}$+YEAST group). Supplemented live yeast (4 g/d) was added in the diet. Lambs were offered untreated or ammonia treated WS ad-libitum and concentrate was fed at 1% of live body weight. The degradability of the water-insoluble (fraction B) was significantly increased by all of the treatment groups. Potential degradability (A+B), effective DM degradability's (pe2, pe5, and pe8) and average daily weight gain increased only in $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST group (p<0.05). Voluntary DM intake was not increased by the treatments (p>0.05), but voluntary metabolizable energy and crude protein intake were increased by $WS_{NH3}$ and by $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST (p<0.05). Average daily rumen pH was not affected by any of the treatments, but average daily $NH_3$-N was significantly higher in the $WS_{NH3}$ and $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST groups, and total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher in the WS+YEAST and $WS_{NH3}$+YEAST groups. In conclusion, the improvement of feed value of WS was better by the combination of ammonia-treatment and yeast supplementation compared to either treatment alone.

High Alloying Degree of Carbon Supported Pt-Ru Alloy Nanoparticles Applying Anhydrous Ethanol as a Solvent

  • Choi, Kwang-Hyun;Lee, Kug-Seung;Jeon, Tae-Yeol;Park, Hee-Young;Jung, Nam-Gee;Chung, Young-Hoon;Sung, Yung-Eun
    • Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.19-24
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    • 2010
  • Alloying degree is an important structural factor of PtRu catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). In this work, carbon supported PtRu catalysts were synthesized by reduction method using anhydrous ethanol as a solvent and $NaBH_4$ as a reducing agent. Using anhydrous ethanol as a solvent resulted in high alloying degree and good dispersion. The morphological structure and crystallanity of synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). CO stripping and methanol oxidation reaction were measured. Due to high alloying degree catalyst prepared in anhydrous ethanol, exhibited low onset potential for methanol oxidation and negative peak shift of CO oxidation than commercial sample. Consequently, samples, applying ethanol as a solvent, exhibited not only enhanced CO oxidation, but also increased methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activity compared with commercial PtRu/C (40 wt%, E-tek) and 40 wt% PtRu/C prepared in water solution.

함수(含水) 염화(鹽化)마그네슘의 탈수(脫水) 특성(特性) 고찰(考察) (Dehydration characteristics of Magnesium Chloride Hydrate)

  • 엄형춘;윤호성;박형규;김철주
    • 자원리싸이클링
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    • 제16권5호
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    • pp.8-12
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    • 2007
  • 마그네슘 용융염전해의 원료물질로 무수염화마그네슘이 일반적으로 사용된다. 그러나 함수염화마그네슘으로부터 무수염화마그네슘을 제조하기 위한 탈수과정은 가수분해가 동반되어 마그네슘 산화물들이 생성되므로, 공기 중에서 탈수를 통한 무수염화마그네슘 제조는 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 공기중에서와 염화수소 분위기 하에서 탈수 온도($200{\sim}600^{\circ}C$)에 따른 탈수특성을 비교하였다. 공기중에서는 탈수온도가 증가함에 따라 MgOHCl과 MgO가 생성되었지만, 염화수소 분위기하에서는 $300^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 무수염화마그네슘이 생성되었다. 염화수소 분위기에서 무수염화마그네슘은 약 $300^{\circ}C$에서 생성되기 시작하여 $500^{\circ}C$에서 결정화가 완전히 이루어지는 것을 확인하였다. 탈수실험에 사용된 염화수소는 모두 물에 용해시켜 염산으로 회수되었으며, 수용액 온도 $20^{\circ}C$에서 최대 41%의 염산을 회수할 수 있었다.

Isatin과 일염기산의 반응 (The reaction of isatin with monocarboxylic acids)

  • 민윤식
    • 약학회지
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    • 제18권1호
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    • pp.74-76
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    • 1974
  • Oh heating isatin with aromatic monocarboxylic acids having .alpha.-hydrogen atoms such as p-nitrophenylacetic acid, p-methoxyphenyl acetic acid and .alpha.-naphthylacetic acid in the presence of anhydrous sodium acetate functioning as a catalyst, p-nitrobenzylidene-3-oxindole, p-methoxybenzylidene-3-oxindole and ${\alpha}$-naphthobenzylidene-3-oxindole are obtained, respectively. The results of these experiments show that isatin may be used as the carbonyl component in the condensation reaction.

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비대칭적으로 삼고리화된 벤젠의 합성 (Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Trisannelated Benzenes)

  • Mahmoodi, Nosrat O.;Fatemeh, Mostaghni
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제46권1호
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    • pp.52-56
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    • 2002
  • 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11-데카하이드로-1H-사이클로펜타[l]페난트렌(1c)과 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-데카하이드로사이클로헥사[e]-as-인다센(1d) 같이 비대칭적으로 삼고리화된 벤젠을 합성하였다. 합성의 접근방법으로 사이클로펜탄온과 사이클로헥산온의 존재하에 무수 $CuCl_2$를 촉매로 사용하여 미리 형성된 바이사이클로헥실리덴-2-온 (3), 바이사이클로헥실-1''-엔-2-온 (4) 과 바이사이클로펜틸리덴-2-온(5) 같은 엔온들의 효율적인 축합반응을 사용하였다.

Phosphoric Acid-doped SDF-F/poly(VI-co-MPS)/PTFE Membrane for a High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

  • Lee, Jong-Won;Yi, Cheol-Woo;Kim, Keon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제32권6호
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    • pp.1902-1906
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    • 2011
  • Sulfonated poly(fluorinated arylene ether)s (SDF-F)/poly[(N-vinylimidazole)-co-(3-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane)] (poly(VI-co-MPS))/poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is prepared for a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The reaction of the membrane with phosphoric acid forms silicate phosphor, as a chemically bound proton carrier, in the membrane. Thus-formed silicate phosphor, nitrogen in the imidazole ring, and physically bound phosphoric acid act as proton carriers in the membrane. The physico-chemical and electrochemical properties of the membrane are investigated by various analytical tools. The phosphoric acid uptake and proton conductivity of the SDF-F/poly(VI-co-MPS)/PTFE membrane are higher than those of SDF-F/PVI/PTFE. The power densities of cells with SDF-F/poly(VI-co-MPS)/PTFE membranes at 0.6 V are 286, 302, and 320 mW $cm^{-2}$ at 150, 170, and 190 $^{\circ}C$, respectively. Overall, the SDFF/poly(VI-co-MPS)/PTFE membrane is one of the candidates for anhydrous HT-PEMFCs with enhanced mechanical strength and improved cell performance.

제어 시스템 적용을 위한 ER유체의 빙햄 특성에 관한 기초적 연구 (A Fundamental Study on Bingham Characteristics of Electro-Rheological Fluids for Control System Application)

  • 장성철;정영빈;장길식
    • 한국기계가공학회지
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.86-92
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    • 2004
  • This paper describes the properties of temperature-viscosity characteristics of hydrous and anhydrous electro-rheological fluids containing starch and titanium particle in silicone oil ER effects arise from electrostatic forces between the starch particles and titanium particles dispersed to the electrically insulating silicone oil induced when electric field is applied ER fluids under electric field control have been found to provide resonable estimates of ER fluid viscosity variation characteristics. Yield shear stress of the ER fluids were measured the couette cell type rheometer as a function of electrlc fields. The outer cup is connected to positive electrode(+) and bob becomes ground(-). The electrie field is applied by high voltage DC power supply. In this experiment shear rates were increased from 0 to 200 $s^{-1}$ in 2 minutes. The ER fluid's viscosity change is very small and stable at the temperature range of $40^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$. Therefore, applications of a new ER fluid to control systems application are suitable.

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