• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.260-267
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• 2023

Specialized hearing tests for pets are currently in demand. A brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test is an objective, non-invasive, and practical electrophysiological method that records electric signals from the peripheral auditory system to the brainstem when an auditory stimulation is provided. In veterinary medicine, sedation or anesthesia is essential for a successful examination. In human medicine, research has established the indications for various sedatives, anesthetics, and drugs according to the depth of anesthesia required. However, in veterinary medicine, there are very few comparative studies on propofol or isoflurane, which are the most common anesthetics used. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the difference in BAER test results between sedation with medetomidine, anesthesia using propofol, and inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane after propofol administration. The test was conducted on four healthy adult dogs. There was no statistically significant difference in latency, interpeak latency, or amplitude between the various drugs. The results suggest that a sedative or anesthetic for the administration of a BAER test can be selected according to the patient's needs.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2000

Objectives : Wrist ganglion is one of the most common diseases on the wrist joint. So far acupuncture, medication, drainage and local anesthetic excision therapy have been used for this disease, but the development of more effective treatment method is being expected because of frequent recurrence and side effect. Considered that most ganglion is polycystic, on the basis of classic centro-square acupuncture, newly transformed centro-square acupuncture was applied to this report. Methods : All the patients with wrist ganglion was divided into two groups. Newly transformed centro-square acupuncture was app(ied to one group composed of 11 patients and classic centro-square acupuncture to the other group with 19 patients. Classic centro-square acupuncture is made up of slanting and straight insertion. the former is a method that tips of 4 needles are inserted from the outersurface of wrist ganglion oriented to the center of the ganglion, the latter is that tip of one needle is inserted on the center of the ganglion straightly. In the newly transformed centro-square acupuncture, straight insertion of dry needle was taken place of by syringe needle in order to drain phlegm. In this report, classic and newly transformed centro-square acupuncture were used somewhat differently from original ones. Moxibustion was applied after removing all the needles. In newly transformed centro-square acupuncture, moxibustion was also applied after drainage of phlegm and slanting insertion. Results : 1. Wrist ganglion was frequently developed around the acupoint of Tae-Yeon(Tai Yuan, LU9) and Yang-Ji(Yang Chi, TE4) and the difference between occurrence of development on the left and right hand had no significancy. 2. The mean number of treatment for recovery : The newly transformed centro-square acupuncture had fewer treatment than classic one. 3. The newly transformed centro-square acupuncture was more effective than classic one. 4. As a result of following up 6 to 72 months after wrist ganglion had been eliminated, there was no recurrence. Conclusion : In the treatment of wrist ganglion, newly transformed centro-square acupuncture can be regarded as more useful method in the clinical practice, because it has comparatiely shorter duration of treatment and is more effective.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2022

To evaluate butorphanol and tramadol as adjuvants to lidocaine in dogs undergoing mandibular nerve block. Fifteen beagles were allocated to groups based on the following treatments: lidocaine alone (L group), lidocaine + butorphanol (LB group), or lidocaine + tramadol (LT group). After mandibular nerve block with opioids as an adjunct to local anesthetics, the onset time, duration of action, and depth of anesthesia were evaluated using a quantitative method through neuromuscular blockades (NMBs) monitoring. The onset time of nerve block was 4.60 ± 2.06 min, 2.00 ± 0.00 min, and 2.60 ± 1.62 min in the L, LB, and LT groups, respectively; however, there was no statistically significant difference. The duration of nerve block was 111.88 ± 34.78 min, 302.00 ± 76.72 min, and 260.40 ± 49.88 min in the L, LB, and LT groups, respectively, with a significant difference between L and LB groups. The LB group demonstrated a more profound depth of anesthesia compared to the L and LT groups. In this study, using a quantitative method through NMBs monitoring, it was demonstrated that lidocaine and butorphanol in combination can increase the duration of nerve block and more profound the depth of anesthesia rather than lidocaine alone. Additionally, the combined use of lidocaine and opioids presented an objective indicator that could provide a more clinically stable nerve block.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.99-108
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• 1991

Racemic ketamine을 사용하여 개구리의 좌골신경 및 toe muscle에 대한 작용을 관찰하였다. 실험방법으로는 214 mM sucrose을 사용하여 서로 다른 두 종류의 투여 방법으로 세포막의 활동 전압에 대한 영향을 electric recording으로 관찰하였다. 즉, intracellular 투여는 single sucrose gap technique으로, extracellar 투여는 double sucrose gap technique을 사용하였으며 그 실험 결과는 아래와 같았다. 1. Racemic ketamine은 개구리의 좌골신경 및 toe muscle의 활동전압을 intracellular 및 extracellular 투여시 모두 의의 있게 억제하였다. 2. 개구의 toe muscle에서 $K^+$-수축을 억제하였다. 3. naloxone은 ketamine의 억제작용을 완전히 차단하지는 못하였다.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2009

Anatomy: Facet joint syndrome most often affects the lower back and neck and refers to pain that occurs in the facet joints, which are the connections between the vertebrae in the spine that enable the spine to bend and twist. Many physicians have believed that the usual lesion of facet syndrome was an anatomical impairments of facet joint itself.. Facet joint injection using local anesthetics is a reliable method for the diagnosis and treatment for facet syndrome. Etiology: One of many possible causes is imbalances that can occur in stress levels, hormone levels, and nutritional levels. These imbalances can adversely affect posture, which can lead to neck and back pain. The common disorder called facet syndrome exhibits lower back pain, with or without, radiating pain to buttock and thigh due to facet joint arthropathy. Pain in the facet joint is supposedly the secondary effect of narrowing of joint space by sustained muscle contracture around joints. Syndrome: Facet joint syndrome tends to produce pain or tenderness in the lower back that increases with twisting or arching the body, as well as pain that moves to the buttocks or the back of the thighs. Other symptoms include stiffness or difficulty standing up straight or getting out of a chair. Pain can be felt in other areas such as the shoulders or mid-back area. Treatment: Non-drug treatments include hot packs, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and therapeutic exercises. Stimulating blood flow using massage or a hot tub may also help. Alternative treatments include yoga and relaxation therapy. If your pain persists after trying these treatments, a surgical procedure called radiofrequency rhizotomy, which destroys the sensory nerves of the joint, may bring relief. Facet joint injection has been helpful in diagnosis and therapy for this facet syndrome. Radiofrequency thermocoagulation of medial branches is known to be an effective method of relieving pain caused by facet joint problems. We conclude that spasmolytic treatment of muscles connecting the two vertebral articular space would be better for treatment and diagnosis of facet syndrome rather than facet block with local anesthetic and steroid only.

• 분석과학
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2022

안락사 시킨 유기견의 사체를 고온 및 고압 처리하여 가루로 만들고 사료 원료(육골분)로 사용했다는 언론보도에 따라 안락사에 사용된 마취제 케타민과 덱스메데토미딘의 사료 내 잔류가능성이 제기되었다. 이에 신속한 잔류 조사를 위해 QuEChERS 전처리와 질량분석기를 이용한 동시분석법을 개발하였다. 개발된 동시분석법의 직선성은 0.999 이상을 보였다. 선택성은 무처리 시료와 케타민과 덱스메데토미딘이 정량한계수준으로 처리된 시료의 비교를 통해 평가하였고, MRM 크로마토그램을 확인한 결과 각각의 머무름 시간에서 매질의 간섭은 없었다. 검출한계는 0.6 ㎍/L, 정량한계는 2 ㎍/L로 설정하였으며, 분석법의 최종 정량한계는 10 ㎍/kg로 설정하였다. 육골분, 육분, 애완용 배합사료 중 케타민의 회수율 실험 결과, 80.48-98.63 %, 상대표준편차 5.00 % 이하의 결과를 보였으며, 덱스메데토미딘은 회수율 72.75-93.00 %, 상대표준편차 4.83 % 이하의 결과를 보였다. 개발된 분석법을 활용하여 케타민과 덱스메데토미딘의 잔류실태조사를 실시하였다. 해당 원료가 배포된 시기에 제조된 육골분 등의 사료 6 점을 수거하여 분석한 결과, 육골분 시료 한점에서 케타민이 10.8 ㎍/kg이 검출되었고, 덱스메데토미딘은 정량 한계 미만의 농도로 확인되었다. 이에 해당 원료를 사용한 제품은 전량 회수, 폐기되었다. 이후에도 육골분 사료의 안전성 확보를 위해 육골분 및 배합사료 등의 시료 32점을 추가로 수거하여 케타민과 덱스메데토미딘에 대한 잔류 조사를 실시 하였고, 분석결과 두 성분 모두 검출되지 않았다. 하지만 이번 조사를 통해 마취제 같은 의약품들이 고온 및 고압에도 분해되지 않고 잔류할 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였고, 이에 따라 육골분 사료에서 관리하고 있지 않은 다른 잠재적 유해물질들에 대한 조사의 필요성이 제기되었다.

• 대한장애인치과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.100-103
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• 2009

Dental treatment of mentally challenged patients under general anesthesia is a series of challenging procedures not only for dental operators but also for dental anesthesiologists. Patients presenting with uncooperative behavior often resist the perioperative management for adesthestic administration. This case report suggests oral premedication as a conjuctive method for anestheitic induction. A 26-year-old male dental patient with autism was referred to dental treatment under general anesthesia. The patient refused to enter dental clinic office and was not able to receive preoperative assessment. In the day of operation, 15 mg of midazolam was given to the patient for oral premedication prior to anesthetic induction. Ater 20 minutes, the patient presented with drowziness and was transferred to the office. Anesthestic staff were able to achieve appropriate intravenous access and mask inhalation. The patient recieved 8 hrs long dental treatment and recovered in a noncomplicated way. Oral midazolam is commonly used to reduce anxiety for combative and irritated pateints. In this case, oral midazolam sedation was used as a preanesthetic management of a highly uncoopearive patient.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 1997

Background : Endotracheal intubation is one of the methods most securely establishing airway. But accompanying hemodynamic responses are harmful to coronary or cerebral vascular disease patients. These hemodynamic responses are regarded as the results of sympathetic stimulation due to pharyngolaryngeal stimulation, and sympathetic blocking method-stellate ganglion block- may be obtundate these hemodynamic responses. Methods : 75 patients of ASA physical status I-II were selected. There were 40 patients normotensive (Group I), 35 patients hypertensive (Group II) Group I, steliate ganglion block was performed on 20 patients (Group I-S) the remainder had no procedure (Group I-O). Group II, 18 patients received SG3 (Group II-S), 17 patients had no procedure (Group II-O). SGB was performed with 1% lidocaine 8 ml on right stellate genglion after patient's consent. Blood pressure (IIP) and pulse rate(PR) were first measured in the pre-anesthesia room. Follow up BP and PR are checked immediately following SGB and every 5 minutes for subsequent 20 minutes, then after arrival at operatig room, then immediately after intubation and at 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after incubation. Results : All group experienced significantly increased blood pressure and pulse rate upon arrival at the pre-anesthesetic and opeating rooms, as compared to when patients rates in the ward. After intubation and for subsequent 5 minutes, significant changes were measured. Patients then recovered to preblock value. In Group I, no statistical significance was recorded between subgroup I-S and I-O. However in Group II, there were significant differences between sub-group II-S and II-O. In evaluating pulse rate changes, there were no significant differences between Group I-S and I-O; nor II-S and II-O. Conclusion : The proper diagnosis of Stellate Ganglion Block had some measure of protective effect on hemodynamics following endotracheal intubation, especially in hypertensive patients.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2007

Moderns have desire likely to be further good-looking concomitant with a qulitative advancement of the life. Orthognathic surgery for the correction of dentofacial deformities is a common elective procedure. It's possible to occur many complication during the operations and especially, an excessive bleeding of those may be fatal and so a tranfusion is performing for the prevention and management of that. The most notable of these for reduction of blood loss is the utilization of induced hypotensive anesthetic technique to reduce the mean arterial pressure between 55 and 60 mmHb. Another method for dealing with blood loss following orthognathic surgery is the transfusion of blood obtained as an autologous tranfusion or from banked blood. Some of the disadvantage of banked blood are overcome with the use of predeposited autologous transfusion. But currently, surgeons try so that even autologous transfusion may not transfuse the patients. We made a comparative study of hematologic change and transfusion requirement based on a series of 200 patients who had an orthognathic surgical procedure at Chonbuk National University during the period 2001-2005. This study is to make a comparative analysis of an post-operative hematologic (Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Red blood cell) change and duration of the procedure under induced hypotensive anesthesia in healthy orthognathic patients.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.81-85
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• 1998

Background: Continuous caudal epidural block is a useful method in postoperative pain control after perianal surgery. But caudal epidural block has the potential of developing adverse effects such as urinary retention. The goal of this study is to evaluate the analgesic and adverse effect of bupivacaine with fentanyl through continuous caudal epidural block in relation to the concentration of bupivacaine. Methods: We divided the patients randomly into two groups. For group I(n=25) postoperative pain was controlled by continuous caudal epidural infusion at the rate of 4 ml/hr of 0.0625% bupivacaine with 3 ${\mu}g$/ml fentanyl: group II(n=14), 0.125% bupivacaine with 3 ${\mu}g$/ml fentanyl, respectively, for duration of 48 hours via epidural catheter. We evaluated pain scores with visual analogue scales at 30 mins, 6 hrs, 12 hrs, 24 hrs and 48 hrs after the operation and the incidence of adverse effect, especially urinary retention, for each group. Results: There were no significant differences in the pain score between group I and II. Urinary retention developed in 9 patients(36%) of group I, and 11 patients (78.6%) of group II. Other adverse effects such as pruritus, nausea, vomiting and respiratory depression developed in few patients. Conclusions: While performing continuous caudal epidural block with mixture of bupivacaine and fentanyl after the perianal surgery, we conclude 0.0625% bupivacaine solution is preferable to 0.125% bupivacaine solution because 0.0625% solution resulted in satisfactory analgesia with minimal incidence of adverse effect.