• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1197-1204
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• 1997

Between April 1981 and June 1996, 65 patients had aortic root replacement at our institution. Disease entities were pure aortic annuloectasia in 31 patients(47.7%), Stanford type A aortic dissection with annuloectasia in 8(43.1%), atherosclerotic aneurysm with aortic regurgitation in 4(6.2%), and paravalvular leakage after aortic valve replacement in 2(3.1 %). 34 patients(52.3%) had the clinical stigmata of the Marfan syndrome. The operative procedures were Bentall operation in 61 patients(93.8%); 3 of conventional procedure and 58 of Cabrol's modification, aortic valve-sparing operation in 2(3.1 %), and root replacement with homograft in 2(3.1%). Hospital deaths occurred in 3 patients(4.8%) because of uncontrolled bleeding(1) and bypass weaning failure due to low cardiac output(2), and all had emergency operation with Cabrol's procedure. Postoperative complications developed in 19(29.2%) patients and most of them were transient. Surviving 62 patients have been followed up to cumulative total 315.0 patient-years(mean 60.2 $\pm$42.4 months). Late deaths occurred in 7 patients(11.3%), aneurysmal changes of remaining aorta were detected in 12 patients(19.4%). Actuarial survival rate at 10 years was 72.0 $\pm$ 9.7%, and the subsequent aortic operation-free rate at 10 years was 68.0$\pm$ 8.9% In a multivariate analysis, Marfan syndrome, emergency operation, preoperative dissection, combined arch replacement, and total circulatory arrest emerged as significant risk factors for hospital death or subsequent aortic operation. Over 60 years of age was the only risk factor for late death. Our 16 years'cummulative experience shows that aortic root replacement, mainly by means of Cabrol's procedure, can be applied successfully to variety of aortic root disease. However, long-term follow up will be needed to determine the late result of aortic valve-saving operation and root replacement with homograft. When dissection is present or the distal native aorta is diseased in'Marfan patients, close follow-up is necessary because of the subsequent aneurysmal change of remaining aorta.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.32
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• pp.65-93
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to identify problems of private security guard playing an important role at the front of private security industry effectively by examining correlation between job stress and job satisfaction of private security guard and present proposals of effective operation of private security industry. Through data analysis according to study methods and procedures mentioned above, below conclusions were obtained. First, as results of analyzing correlation between job stress and work satisfaction of private security guard, one of subsidiary job satisfaction factors, it was found that lower stress to role complications and wage system relates to higher work satisfaction. Second, as results of analyzing correlation between job stress and superior satisfaction of private security guard, one of subsidiary job satisfaction factors, it was found that lower stress to wage system, responsibility, and role complications relates to higher superior satisfaction. Third, as results of analyzing correlation between job stress and equal opportunity satisfaction of private security guard, one of subsidiary job satisfaction factors, it was found that lower stress to wage system, responsibility, and role complications relates to higher equal opportunity satisfaction. Forth, as results of analyzing correlation between job stress and welfare satisfaction of private security guard, one of subsidiary job satisfaction factors, it was found that lower stress to wage system and role complications relates to higher welfare satisfaction. Fifth, as results of analyzing correlation between job stress and wage satisfaction of private security guard, one of subsidiary job satisfaction factors, it was found that lower stress to wage system and role complications relates to higher wage satisfaction. Sixth, as results of analyzing correlation between job stress and job pride, one of subsidiary job satisfaction factors, it was found that lower stress to wage system and role complications relates to higher job pride. Seventh, as results of analyzing correlation between job stress and co-worker satisfaction, one of subsidiary job satisfaction factors, it was found that lower stress to wage system and role complications relates to higher co-worker satisfaction.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1999

Background: Although treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax by video-assisted thoracic surgery(VATS) has generally shown better clinical results than conventional thoracotomy, treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax by midaxillary thoracotomy(MAXT) has also shown good clinical results. The author studied to compare the clinical results of MAXT group I and VATS group II. Material and Method : Group I included 30 midaxillary thoracotomy among 83 operative cases of spontaneous pneumothorax from Jan. 1992 to Dec. 1993. Group II included 30 VATS among 101 operative cases of pneumothorax from Jan. 1994 to Aug. 1995. The author selected the 30 patients, age 18 to 25 years, with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax in each group. The author analyzed the operative indication, gender, operating time, amounts of the used staplers, tube drainage, total amounts of analgesics used during postoperative 24hr, tube stay time, postoperative complications and mortality. Result: The follow-up periods of both procedures were from 6 to 43 months. The operating time from start of skin incision to end of skin closure was 84.79${\pm}$21.70(from 40 to 150) minutes in MAXT group I and 108.8${\pm}$42.02(from 58 to 120) minutes in VATS group II(P<0.001). The numbers of the used staples useo was 1.31${\pm}$0.6(from 0 to 3) in group I and 3.41${\pm}$2.37(from 0 to 11) in group II. The amounts of postoperative 24hour tube drainage were 220.76${\pm}$106.73(from 65 to 400) ml in group I and 260.63${\pm}$233.18(from 70 to 320) in group II(P>0.05). The amounts of postoperative 24 hourly used analgesics(Tarasyn ) was 1.38${\pm}$1.32(from 0 to 5) amples in group I and 0.72${\pm}$1.02(from 0 to 4) amples in group II (P<0.05). The postoperative tube stay is 5.45${\pm}$30.9 (from 3 to 7) days in group I and 4.75${\pm}$3.1(9 from 2 to 14) days in group II(P>0.05). The number of complications after operations was 2 cases of prolonged air leakage in group I, and in group II. (P is not significant). The number of recurrence after the operation was one in group I and also one in group II(P is not significant). In conclusion, there were no statistical differences in the postoperative 24 hour chest tube drainage, days of postoperative tube stay, postoperative complications and recurrence in the analysis between group I and group II. Conclusion: The author found that group II of VATS between 18 years and 25 years of age in recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, statistically, requires longer operative time, more number of autosuture staples and less postoperative analgesic dosage than the midaxillary thoracotomy group I.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.485-510
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• 2011

This study aimed to analyze the appropriateness of chemistry teaching-learning programs for the gifted in science in middle school gifted classes and to propose improvements. For this study, 5 chemistry teaching-learning 4-6 hour programs developed for science gifted classes by Korea Education Development Institute (KEDI) and 3 chemistry teaching-learning programs developed for science gifted classes by three middle schools in K province were selected. A standard model for gifted education programs was used as tool for analyzing the program targets, program contents, teaching-learning methods, and assessment items. The results showed that all chemistry teaching-learning programs for the gifted in science presented well attainable objectives in the program targets. However, most program targets did not offer differentiated objectives from the general education. Program contents of KEDI stresses intensified education, and also presented a high ratio of sub-elements of creativity, which can enhance gifted creativity. On the other hand, program contents developed by three middle schools focused on acceleration in advancement, and presented low ratio of creativity sub-elements, which could be insufficient in enhancing gifted creativity. Differentiated and personalized, integrated science and interscience, updated research contents were hardly found in programs developed by KEDI and three middle schools. However, teaching-learning methods were composed to fit the learning objectives in the teaching process and the procedures, and were made to self-directed learning. There were no assessment for the feedback after class. Therefore, teaching-learning programs for the gifted in science should be developed further in order to fulfill the objectives of gifted education and gifted characteristics. Also, it is necessary to construct infrastructure to carry out the developed teaching-learning programs.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.106-123
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• 2000

The purpose of the survey was to clarify the clinical features and management of the anorectal malformations (ARM) in Korea. Twenty-seven members of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons were surveyed. The members completed a case registration form for each patient during the two years period of 1996-1997, and a questionnaire that contained their management preferences for primary and complicated patients. Twenty-four members of the 22 institutions registered 295 cases of the ARM, and 27 out of 34 members (77.1 %) responded to the questionnaire. The patients were classified by the Wingspread classification of ARM(1984). The case registration form was a modification of Wingspread workshop for the postoperative assessment and case registration. The male to female ratio was 1.7 : 1. The average number of patients per surgeon was 6.1 cases per year. Prematurity(< 36 weeks) was present in 1.9 % of cases and low birth weight (< 2.6 Kg) in 12.1 %. Among 187 male patients, 62 were high(H) type, 29 intermediate(l) type, 88 low(L), and 8 unclassified. In female, there were 2 cases of cloacal anomalies(C), 4 H type, 30 I type, 66 L type and 6 unclass ified. For male, 87.9 % of H and I type were operated by the Pena procedure, but only 7.9 % in L types. In female, all of C, H and I types, and 40.9 % of L type were done by the Pena procedure. One case expired (MR; 0.003%) as a result of surgical complication. Over-all complication rate was 12.5 %. Among 6 cases of reoperation, 4 were failed Pena procedures. Among 140 colostomies sigmoid colon was utilized in 75.7%, and loop colostomy was commonly used. Ten surgeons prefered primary maturation of the stoma. In conclusion, posterior sagittal anorectoplasty is popular for high types of ARM in this country, but considerable number of patients are still suffering from failed operations. For better understanding and analysis, necessity of prospective study by new classification was discussed.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2011

Owing to the risk of fetal loss associated with prenatal diagnostic procedures (amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling), noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) is ultimate goal of prenatal diagnosis. The discovery of circulating cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma in 1997 has opened up new probabilities for NIPD by Dr. Lo et al. The last decade has seen great development in NIPD. Fetal sex and fetal RhD status determination by cffDNA analysis is already in clinical use in certain countries. For routine use, this test is limited by the amount of cell-free maternal DNA in blood sample, the lack of universal fetal markers, and appropriate reference materials. To improve the accuracy of detection of fetal specific sequences in maternal plasma, internal positive controls to confirm to presence of fetal DNA should be analyzed. We have developed strategies for noninvasive determination of fetal gender, and fetal RhD genotyping using cffDNA in maternal plasma, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) including RASSF1A epigenetic fetal DNA marker (gender-independent) as internal positive controls, which is to be first successful study of this kind in Korea. In our study, accurate detection of fetal gender through gestational age, and fetal RhD genotyping in RhD-negative pregnant women was achieved. In this assay, we show that the assay is sensitive, easy, fast, and reliable. These developments improve the reliability of the applications of circulating fetal DNA when used in clinical practice to manage sex-linked disorders (e.g., hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), RhD incompatibility, and the other noninvasive pregnant diagnostic tests on the coming soon. The study was the first successful case in Korea using cffDNA in maternal plasma, which has created a new avenue for clinical applications of NIPD.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of local climatic conditions on the annual increment of Korean white pine planted in Gapyung and Yaungdong. For this, stand variables such as mean DBH, mean height, basal area per hectare, and volume per hectare by stand age were measured and summarized for each locality. Based on these statistics, annual increments for 8 years from stand age 10 to 18 were calculated for each of stand variables. A topoclimatological technique which makes use of empirical relationships between the topography and the weather in study sites was applied to produce normal estimates of monthly mean, maximum, minimum temperatures, relative humidity, precipitation, and hours of sunshine. Then, the yearly climatic variables from 1990 to 1997 for each study site were derived from the spatial interpolation procedures based on inverse- distance weighting of the observed deviation from the climatic normals at the nearest 11 standard weather stations. From these estimates, 17 weather variables such as warmth index, coldness index, index of aridity etc., which affect the tree growth, were computed on yearly base for each locality. The deviations of measured annual increments from the expected annual increments for 8 years based on yield table of Korean white pine were then correlated with and regressed on the yearly weather variables to examine effects of local climatic conditions on the growth. Gapyung area provides better conditions for the growth of Korean white pine in the early stage than Youngdong area. This indicates that the conditions such as low temperature, high relative humidity, and large amount of precipitation provide favor environment for the early growth of Korean white pine. A ccording to the correlation and regression an analysis using local climatic conditions and annual increments, the growth pattern of Gapyung area corresponds to this tendency. However, it was found that the relationship between annual increments and local climatic conditions in Youngdong area shows different tendency from Gapyung. These results mean that the yearly growth pattern could not sufficiently be explained by climatic conditions with high variance in yearly weather variables. In addition, the poor growth in Youngdong area might not only be affected by climatic conditions, but also by other environmental factors such as site quality.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 1973

Introduction : Nursing as a profession is gelling wide acceptance today, especially among independent -minded women with necessary physical, mental and academic qualifications. This is particularly true of "comprehensive nursing", which requires to total dedication on the part if the nurse herself-physical, mental and sociocultural. Such comprehensive approach is like-wise called for in the institutional training of professional nurses. Undergraduate nursing courses nowadays place an increasing emphasis on the microscopic approach of training a nurse as an intelligent and well-balanced human being with an optimum degree of cultural sophistication. Greater attention then ever before is now paid to close observation of the individual traits and aptitude of nursing students, so as to permit full development of individual capabilities, interests and propensities within the concept of "comprehensive human education. " Purpose of study 1. To determine the degree of understanding of the part of nursing students of the various aspects of the subject taught in undergraduate nursing course. 2. To determine the motivation of nursing students in choosing the profession and possible subsequent change or attitude and outlook in the course of under graduated studies, as a means of presenting a new practical approach in nursing training based on the concept of "comprehensive human education. " Problems of study 1. The environments of nursing training will impinge on individual nursing students with different psychological impacts from lower to upper classes of under graduated studies. 2. Educational environments will have varying psychological impacts on students: a. Difference in religious faith among students. b. Difference in campus environments. c. Difference in domestic (family) circumstances. d. Difference in innate capabilities of students, 3. The understanding and attitude of individual nursing students towards the science of nursing will Have a close correlation with their respective motivations in choosing-nursing as a profession, and will also be closely influenced by the peculiarities of the subject taught, tile campus environments, etc, Delimitations of the study 1. Two universities offering 4-year nursing courses were selected. Due to the limited number of potential subjects, the optimum conditions of sample collection could not be fulfilled. 2. Subjects were confined to two classes in each university (sophomores and seniors) but without regard to the ages or scholastic achievements of individual students. 3. The conclusions derived from this study should be limited in application to the subject groups covered by the present study: they should not in any event be extended or applied to other groups. Procedures 1. Subjects: 40 nursing students each from the sophomore and senior classes of the "Y" and "K" universities situated in Seoul, aggregating 160 students altogether. 2. Instruments: Use has been made of questionnaires on (1) family backgrounds and (2) general information concerning. 3. Statistical Method: The findings of the present survey have been subjected to critical analysis as to the means, percentages, Cgi squares (X), standard deviations and the significance of the difference in means. Findings 1. Nursing students have chosen their subject of study with a confident outlook towards their future in society. 2. Horsing students have the necessary abilities to complete the prescribed courses of study. 3. The campus life of nursing students has been judged as very constructive, not with-standing certain in adequacies in the available educational facilities and the shortages of teaching staff. 4. The achievement levels of nursing trainees varied greatly according to their respective educational environments as well as their school years. 5. Clear and definite distinctions were discernible between the two universities as regards certain aspects of this survey, while no signifiant difference was observed in other: a. Sophomores and seniors in both universities gave nearly identical answers to questions concerning (1) motivation in choosing nursing as a profession, and (2) the way of spending leisure hours. b. Both universities revealed similar respective differences between sophomores and seniors as regards the abilities of fulfilling academic requirements ill the basic subjects. c. Educational environments have been found to be somewhat superior in the "Y"university to those of the "K" university, particularly as regard general campus and dormitory conditions. d. The high degree of dissatisfaction with the faculty, found in both universities, was considered to be a consequence of the universal phenomenon of "brain drain" and the relative neglect of the "comprehensive approach"in education.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.211-221
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• 2006

Purpose The aims of this study were to evaluate micro-tensile bond strength of composite resin bonded to dentin following high-speed rotary handpiece preparation or Er:YAG laser preparation with two different adhesive systems and to assess the influence of different Er:YAG laser energies on the micro-tensile bond strength. Materials and Methods In this study, 40 third morlars were used. Flat dentin specimans were obtained and randomly assigned to eight groups. Dentin surfaces were prepared with one of four cutting types: carbide bur, Er:YAG laser (2 W, 3 W and 4 W) and conditioned with two bonding systems, Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (SM), Clearfil SE bond (SE) and composite resin-build ups were created. After storage for 24 hours, each specimen was serially sectioned perpendicular to the bonded surface to produce more than thirty slabs in each group. Micro-tensile bond strength test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Micro-tensile bond strengths (${\mu}TBS$) were expressed as means$\pm$SD. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls' multiple comparison test and t-test. Results and Conclusion 1. Regardless of bonding systems, the ${\mu}TBS$ according to cutting types were from highest to lowest : 3 W, 2 W, Bur, and 4 W. In addition, there was no significant difference between Bur and 4 W (p<0.001). 2. Regardless of cutting types, SM showed significantly higher ${\mu}TBS$ than SE (p<0.001). 3. Bonding to dentin conditioned with SM resulted in higher ${\mu}TBS$ for 3 W compared to Bur, 2 W, and 4 W. There was no significant difference between 2 W and Bur (p<0.001). 4. Bonding to dentin conditioned with SE resulted in higher ${\mu}TBS$ for 3 W compared to 2 W, 4 W, and Bur. Bur exhibited significant lower ${\mu}TBS$ than all other cutting types. There were no significant differences between 3 W, 2 W and between 4 W and Bur (p<0.001). 5. The ${\mu}TBS$ of laser cutting groups were shown in order from highest to lowest: 3 W, 2 W and 4 W in two bonding systems. There was no significant difference between 2 W and 3 W in SE (p<0.001). : The ${\mu}TBS$ of composite resin bonded dentin was significantly affected by interaction between the cutting type and bonding system. In the range of 2 W-3 W, cavity preparation of the Er:YAG laser seems to supply good adhesion of composite resin restoration no less than bur preparation. In particular, if you want to use the self-etching system, including Clearfil SE bond for the purpose of a simplification of the bonding procedures and prevention of adverse effects by excessive etching, an Er:YAG laser may offer better adhesion than a bur.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.182-190
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Microleakage at the occlusal and gingival margin of Class V cavities restored with composite resin has traditionally been considered an obstacle to successful restoration. Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of three different surface sealants(Fortify, Permaseal and Biscover LV) on the marginal sealing of Class V light-activated composite resin restorations(Z250). Material and methods: Forty noncarious human premolars and molars extracted within a three-month period were selected. Class V cavities with the occlusal margin in enamel and gingival margin in cementum were prepared in both buccal and lingual surfaces. The teeth, randomly assigned in four groups with twenty cavities in each group, were restored with composite resin after applying an adhesive system(Clearfil SE bond). After the finishing and polishing procedures, the restorations were covered with a specific surface sealants, except for the control samples, which were not sealed. After placing restorations, the specimens were thermocycled, and immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution for twenty four hours and sectioned longitudinally. The marginal microleakage was evaluated at the occlusal and gingival interfaces using a microscope and compared among the four groups using ANOVA test and Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test($\alpha$=0.05). Results: Statistical analysis showed that there was significantly less leakage when the surface sealants were used than there was in control group(P<.05). There were no significant differences of microleakage at occlusal and gingival margins among groups. There were no significant differences between microleakage of occlusal and gingival margins in each group. Fortify was not statistically different from control group at the gingival margin(P>.05). Conclusion: Application of surface sealants was an effective method of surface coating in reducing microleakage at occlusal and gingival margins of Class V composite resin restorations. However, it is certain that some microleakage still occurred despite the application of surface sealants, especially gingival margins.