• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.160-171
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• 2016

Background The objective of this study was to assess the attractive facial features of the Indian population. We tried to evaluate subjective ratings of facial attractiveness and identify which facial aesthetic subunits were important for facial attractiveness. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted of 150 samples (referred to as candidates). Frontal photographs were analyzed. An orthodontist, a prosthodontist, an oral surgeon, a dentist, an artist, a photographer and two laymen (estimators) subjectively evaluated candidates' faces using visual analog scale (VAS) scores. As an objective method for facial analysis, we used balanced angular proportional analysis (BAPA). Using SAS 10.1 (SAS Institute Inc.), the Turkey's studentized range test and Pearson correlation analysis were performed to detect between-group differences in VAS scores (Experiment 1), to identify correlations between VAS scores and BAPA scores (Experiment 2), and to analyze the characteristic features of facial attractiveness and gender differences (Experiment 3); the significance level was set at P=0.05. Results Experiment 1 revealed some differences in VAS scores according to professional characteristics. In Experiment 2, BAPA scores were found to behave similarly to subjective ratings of facial beauty, but showed a relatively weak correlation coefficient with the VAS scores. Experiment 3 found that the decisive factors for facial attractiveness were different for men and women. Composite images of attractive Indian male and female faces were constructed. Conclusions Our photogrammetric study, statistical analysis, and average composite faces of an Indian population provide valuable information about subjective perceptions of facial beauty and attractive facial structures in the Indian population.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.587-598
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to test the microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation on muscle soreness, serum creatine kinase levels and force deficits evident following a high-intensity eccentric exercise bout. 10 volunteer male subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group or to a control group. Exercise consisted of high-intensity eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Resistance was reduced as subjects fatigued, until they reached exhaustion. Muscle soreness rating was determined using a visual analog scale. Serum creatine kinase levels were analyzed using a blood sample. Force deficits were determined by measures of maximal voluntary isometric contraction at $90^{\circ}$ of elbow flexion on a Orthotron II dynamometer. Muscle soreness rating, serum creatine kinase levels and maximal voluntary isometric contraction were determined at the before exercise and again at 24 and 48 hours postexericse. Treatments were applied immediately following exercise. The control group subjects rested following their exercise bout. Statistical analysis showed significant increases in muscle soreness rating and significant decreases in maximal voluntary isometric contraction when the before exercise was compared with 24 and 48 hour measures(p<0.01). No significant effects were observed between groups in muscle soreness rating and maximal voluntary isometric contraction(p>0.05). Highly significants differences in serum creatine kinase levels were found using on Analysis of variance(ANOVA) repeated measures between groups for each time cycles(p<0.001). This modality may have benefits when used early stage in the muscle damage.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2016

Background: The study aimed to determine if ultrasonography of masseter can be used to evaluate the outcome of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in subjects with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) such as myositis and myofascial pain. Methods: Fifteen TMD subjects with myofascial pain/myositis who satisfied the RDC/McNeil criteria were included in the study. All the subjects were administered TENS therapy for a period of 6 days (30 minutes per session). The mouth opening (in millimeters) and severity of pain (visual analogue scale score) and ultrasonographic thickness of the masseter (in millimeters) in the region of trigger/tender areas was assessed in all the subjects both prior and post TENS therapy. A comparison of the pre-treatment and post-treatment values of the VAS score, mouth opening and masseter thickness was done with the help of a t-test. Results: There was a significant reduction in the thickness of masseter muscle (P = 0.028) and VAS scores (P < 0.001) post TENS therapy. There was also a significant improvement in the mouth opening (P = 0.011) post TENS therapy. Conclusions: In the present study, ultrasonography was found to be an effective measuring tool in the assessment of TENS therapy in subjects with myositis and myofascial pain.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.195-199
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• 2007

Objective : Bilateral laminotomy and unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression are becoming the minimally invasive procedures for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). With the aim of less invasiveness and better preservation of spinal stability. these techniques have been developed. But there are no large randomized studies to show the surgical results between these two techniques. The objective of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of these two minimally invasive techniques. Methods : A total of 80 patients were included in this study (Group I : bilateral laminotomy, Group II : Unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression). Perioperative parameters and complications were analyzed. Symptoms and scores such as visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and SF-36 scores of prospectively accrued patients were assessed preoperatively and at 1 month and 12 months after surgery. Paired-t test, two-sample student-t tests, and non parametric tests were used to determine cross-sectional differences between two groups. Results : No major complications such as spinal instability or deaths occurred during follow-up periods. VAS, ODI scores and SF-36 body pain and physical function scores showed statistically significant improvements in both groups (p<0.001). The significant widening of the spinal canal diameter was also noted in both groups. But, in Group II. there were minor postoperative complications such as dural tear (2 cases 5.0%), fracture of ipsilateral inferior facet (1 case 2.5%), and 5 cases of transient leg symptoms of contralateral side. Conclusion : Both bilateral laminotomy and unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression allow achievement of adequate and long-lasting operative results in patients with LSS. But postoperative complications are more frequent in Group II (unilateral laminotomy and bilateral decompression). These results indicate that bilateral laminotomy is the preferred minimally invasive technique to treat symptomatic LSS.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.421-428
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• 2013

Voice over IP refers to technology that enables routing of voice conversations over the Internet or a TCP/IP network. VoIP communication costs cheaper than traditional analog phone. Phone calls can be made to anywhere / anyone: Both to VoIP numbers as well as people with normal phone numbers. VoIP protocol equipment available today follows the SIP standard. Older VoIP equipment though would follow H 323, MGCP, Megaco/H.248. A SIP server is the main component of an IP PBX, dealing with the setup of all SIP calls in the TCP/IP network. A SIP server is also referred to a Asterisk IP-PBX. A VoIP telephone, also known as a SIP phone or a softphone, allows the user to make phone calls to any softphone, mobile or PC by using App store. A VoIP telephone can be a simple software-based softphone. However, the SIP Server and the program is vulnerable to VoIP attacks. In this paper, eavesdropping attacks tested by using the Asterisk SIP server. Eavesdropping attacks and TLS security methods apply to VoIP system. TLS can be applied to determine whether the eavesdropping available for VoIP Environments.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.155-159
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this article is to evaluate factors influencing prognosis of arthrocentesis in patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. Materials and Methods: The subjects included 145 patients treated with arthrocentesis at the Dental Center of Ajou University Hospital from 2011 to 2013 for the purpose of recovering mouth opening limitation (MOL) and pain relief. Prognosis of arthrocentesis was evaluated 1 month after the operation. Improvement on MOL was defined as an increase from below 30 mm (MOL ${\leq}30mm$) to above 40 mm (MOL ${\geq}40mm$), and pain relief was defined as when a group with TMJ pain with a visual analog scale (VAS) score of 4 or more (VAS ${\geq}4$) decreased to a score of 3 or more. The success of arthrocentesis was determined when either mouth opening improved or pain relief was fulfilled. To determine the factors influencing the success of arthrocentesis, the patients were classified by age, gender, diagnosis group (the anterior disc displacement without reduction group, the anterior disc displacement with reduction group, or other TMJ disorders group), time of onset and oral habits (clenching, bruxism) to investigate the correlations between these factors and prognosis. Results: One hundred twenty out of 145 patients who underwent arthrocentesis (83.4%) were found to be successful. Among the influencing factors mentioned above, age, diagnosis and time of onset had no statistically significant correlation with the success of arthrocentesis. However, a group of patients in their fifties showed a lower success rate (ANOVA P=0.053) and the success rate of the group with oral habits was 71% (Pearson's chi-square test P=0.035). Conclusion: From this study, we find that factors influencing the success of arthrocentesis include age and oral habits. We also conclude that arthrocentesis is effective in treating mouth opening symptoms and for pain relief.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 2015

Since CMOS device scaling has stalled, three-dimensional (3-D) integration allows extending Moore's law to ever high density, higher functionality, higher performance, and more diversed materials and devices to be integrated with lower cost. 3-D integration has many benefits such as increased multi-functionality, increased performance, increased data bandwidth, reduced power, small form factor, reduced packaging volume, because it vertically stacks multiple materials, technologies, and functional components such as processor, memory, sensors, logic, analog, and power ICs into one stacked chip. Anticipated applications start with memory, handheld devices, and high-performance computers and especially extend to multifunctional convengence systems such as cloud networking for internet of things, exascale computing for big data server, electrical vehicle system for future automotive, radioactivity safety system, energy harvesting system and, wireless implantable medical system by flexible heterogeneous integrations involving CMOS, MEMS, sensors and photonic circuits. However, heterogeneous integration of different functional devices has many technical challenges owing to various types of size, thickness, and substrate of different functional devices, because they were fabricated by different technologies. This paper describes new 3-D heterogeneous integration technologies of chip self-assembling stacking and 3-D heterogeneous opto-electronics integration, backside TSV fabrication developed by Tohoku University for multifunctional convergence systems. The paper introduce a high speed sensing, highly parallel processing image sensor system comprising a 3-D stacked image sensor with extremely fast signal sensing and processing speed and a 3-D stacked microprocessor with a self-test and self-repair function for autonomous driving assist fabricated by 3-D heterogeneous integration technologies.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.298-306
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• 2008

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Effect of surface treatment of ceramic under loading does not appear to have been investigated. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of surface treatment of esthetic ceramic, which is performed to increase the bonding strength, on the fracture stress under controlled cyclic loading condition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty 1.0 mm-thick specimens were made from Mark II Vitablocs (Vita Zahnfabrik, Germany) and divided into 3 groups: polished (control), sandblasted, and etched. Specimens of each group were bonded to a dentin analog material base including micro-channels to facilitate the flow of water to the bonding interface. Bonded ceramics were cyclically loaded with a flat-end piston in the water (500,000 cycles, 15Hz). Following completion of cyclic loading, specimens were examined for subsurface crack formation and subsequent stress was determined and loaded to next specimen by the staircase method according to the crack existence. RESULTS: There were significant differences of mean fatigue limit in the sandblasted (222.86 ${\pm}$ 23.42 N) and etched group (222.86 ${\pm}$ 14.16 N) when compared to polished group (251.43 ${\pm}$ 10.6 N) (P<.05; Wald-type pair-wise comparison and post hoc Bonferroni test). Of cracked specimens, surface treated group showed longer crack propagation after 24 hours. All failures originated from the radial cracking without cone crack. Fracture resistance of this study was very low and comparable to failure load in the oral cavity. CONCLUSION: Well controlled cyclic loading could induce clinically relevant cracks and fracture resistance of Mark II ceramic was relatively low applicable only to anterior restorations. Surface treatment of inner surface of feldspathic porcelain in the matsicatory area could influence lifetime of restorations.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.63-73
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• 2007

In this paper, we introduce the performance test results of digital data processing system for KVN (Korean VLBI Network). The digital data processing system for KVN consists of DAS (Data Acquisition System) and high-speed recorder which called Mark5B system. DAS system performs the digitalization of analog radio signal through ADS-1000 gigabit sampler with 1 Gsps/2-bit and process the digital filtering of digital signal. Mark5B system records the output data of DFB (Digital Filter Bank) with about 1 Gbps. In this paper, we carried out the preliminary evaluation experiments of the KVN digital data processing system connected between DAS system and Mark5B with VSI (VLBI Standard Interface) interface which is designed for compatible in each VLBI system. We first performed all of the KVN digital data processing system connected by VSI interface in the world. In factory inspection phase, we found that the DAS system has a memory read/write error in DSM (Digital Spectrometer) by analyzing the recorded data in Mark5B system. We confirmed that the DSM memory error has been correctly solved by comparing DSM results with Mark5B results. The effectiveness of KVN digital data processing system has been verified through the preliminary experiments such as data transmission, recording with VSI interface connection and data analysis between DSM and Mark5B system. In future work, we will perform the real astronomical observation by using the KVN 21m radio telescopes so as to verify its stability and performance.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2020

Background: This study aimed to compare the pain levels during anesthesia and the efficacy of the QuickSleeper intraosseous (IO) injection system and conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Methods: This prospective randomized clinical trial included 30 patients (16 women, 14 men) with bilateral symmetrical impacted mandibular third molars. Thirty subjects randomly received either the IO injection or conventional IANB at two successive appointments. A split-mouth design was used in which each patient underwent treatment of a tooth with one of the techniques and treatment of the homologous contralateral tooth with the other technique. The subjects received 1.8 mL of 2% articaine. Subjects' demographic data, pain levels during anesthesia induction, tooth extractions, and mouth opening on postoperative first, third, and seventh days were recorded. Pain assessment ratings were recorded using the 100-mm visual analog scale. The latency and duration of the anesthetic effect, complications, and operation duration were also analyzed in this study. The duration of anesthetic effect was considered using an electric pulp test and by probing the soft tissue with an explorer. Results: Thirty patients aged between 18 and 47 years (mean age, 25 years) were included in this study. The IO injection was significantly less painful with lesser soft tissue numbness and quicker onset of anesthesia and lingual mucosa anesthesia with single needle penetration than conventional IANB. Moreover, 19 out of 30 patients (63%) preferred transcortical anesthesia. Mouth opening on postoperative first day was significantly better with intraosseous injection than with conventional IANB (P = 0.013). Conclusion: The IO anesthetic system is a good alternative to IANB for extraction of the third molar with less pain during anesthesia induction and sufficient depth of anesthesia for the surgical procedure.