• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.258-262
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• 1998

Background: In view of the safety and effectiveness of butorphanol as a postoperative analgesic, we designed to compare its activity and side effects with those of ketoprofen, when administered intramuscularly. Methods: Ninety four patients, scheduled for elective total abdominal hysterectomy, received either ketoprofen 100 mg (ketoprofen group) or butorphanol 2 mg (butorphanol group) intramuscularly after surgery. For the first six hours after injection of butorphanol or ketoprofen, the patients were asked to reevaluate the intensity of pain, using numeric rating scale (NRS) and pain score. If the pain score was above 2, supplemental ketoprofen was administered IM. Incidence of side effects were also checked. Results: Butorphanol group showed lower NRS and pain score for the first four hours compared to ketoprofen group, but the incidence of drowsiness was higher in butorphanol group. There were no significant difference in the incidence of other side effects such as nausea and dizziness. In both group, there were neither respiratory depression nor pruritus. Conclusions: Butorphanol gave better relief of postoperative pain compared to ketoprofen. Butorphanol might be a useful drug for postoperative analgesia after hysterectomy with minor side effects.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.211-216
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• 1999

Background: Transdermal fentanyl patch (TDFP) is a simple, noninvasive analgesic with continuous effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesic effect of TDFP. Methods: Sixty healthy patients undergoing cesarean section were divided into 3 groups. Postoperative pain was controlled with different methods; Group I: application of TDFP-$25{\mu}g/hr$, Group II: intramuscular injection of ketoprofen; Group III: continuous epidural block. Pain scores (numerical rating scale, NRS), number of patients who needed additive ketoprofen injections and side effects were recorded at 8, 20, 32, 44 hours postoperatively. Results: There was no significanant difference in pain score between Group I and Group II. The numbers of patients who need additive ketoprofen injections were lower in group I than group II. Pruritis (25%), nausea/vomiting (10%), leg numbness (40%) was experienced in group III, but not in Group I & II. Conclusions: TDFP-$25{\mu}g/hr$ for postoperative pain control is simpler and more convinient than intramuscular injection of analgesics.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.245-256
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• 1996

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been developed as a new drug delivery system. Although many particulate drug carriers, such as microsphere, liposome, niosome, emulsion, etc. have been introduced, they have some disadvantage; low efficiency of incorporation and stability, lack of reproducibility, and so on. Meanwhile, SLN as a new drug delivery system is known to entrap rugs with a high efficiency and a good reproducibility. Moreover, small size SLN can circulate in blood for a prolonged time. Although many preparation methods were introduced, microfluidization method is recommended to be the most useful. This study was attempted to prepare and evaluate ketoprofen-incorporated SLNs (keto-SLN), which were prepared by two methods, ultrasonication and microfluidization. Keto-SLN was evaluated by measurement of particle size and zeta potential, efficacy of entrapment, sedimentation volume, in virto release pattern. The mean particle size was about $0.1\;{\mu}m$, and the size was dependent on the type and the amount of emulsifier. Zeta potential was negative, $-9{\sim}-13mV$ and entrapment efficacy was very high and stability was good for at least 60 days in the respect of particle size and sedimentation volume ratio. Analgesic effect was also determined as well as pharmacokinetic parameters. The former was comparable to that of that of ketoprofen loaded suspension (keto-sus) and the latter revealed that consistent with the delayed release of keto-SLN. $T_{max}$ was longer than keto-sus. Therefore, keto-SLN was favourable dosage forms in the field of drug delivery system such as anti-cancer, analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.304-314
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• 2001

Major purposes of this study were to investigate the administration patterns of analgesics and sedatives in SICU and to identify the factors influencing the use of prn analgesics and sedatives by ICU nurses. The sample of this descriptive study was 50 adult patients in SICU and 53 ICU nurses. Patient's medical records were reviewed to investigate names, doses, the routes of administration, the interval of administration, and the type of prescription of sedatives and analgesics administered. Study medications were narcotics, hypnotics, and antipsychotics. To identify the factors influencing the use of prn analgesics and sedatives, 53 ICU nurses checked 9 items, and rank them from first to fifth. The selection of items was based on the previous studies and the experience of the investigator. The results of the study are as follows: 1. The mean age of the subjects was 53 years, 24 patients out of 50 subjects had received mechanical ventilation therapy. Most of the patients received neurosurgeries and abdominal surgeries. 2. For 4 days, 13 total study medications and combination of these were administered to the patients. Commonly prescribed drugs were Ketoprofen and Midazolam. Twenty six to fourty two percent of the patients did not receive any drugs for at least one day during the four days. 3. On the average, the study drugs were administerd 1.4 to 2.6 times per day during 4 days. 4. More than 50 percent of the prescription was as-needed (prn) except those of the POD 3. Fourteen percent of the patients did not have any prescription for sedation and pain control after surgery. 5. Examination of the frequency of sedatives and analgesics bolus administration revealed that a greater number of doses were given during daytime (from 7 am. to 7 pm.) than nighttime (from 7 pm. to 7 am.). The difference was significant at Alpha, .05. 6. First factor that most influenced nurses to administer sedatives and analgesics for intubated patients was the evaluation of patient's vital signs (51%). For non- intubated patients, the factors that nurses considered important were the patients' complaints of pain (64%) and evaluations of patients' vital signs (23%). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that patients in SICU might not receive enough analgesics and sedatives to feel completely free from pain during the post operational period. Future study should be focused on the evaluation of the adequacy of current practice for pain and anxiety control in terms of the SICU patient's response.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.902-910
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• 2012

The photodegradation characteristics of 30 pharmaceuticals were investigated by batch experiments using Ultraviolet (UV) reactor. The investigated pharmaceuticals include antibiotics, analgesics and antiarrhythmic agents etc. Tested water was prepared by simultaneously spiking 30 pharmaceuticals into pure water, and each experiment was conducted using 3 types of UV lamps. As a result, batch experiments showed that reactions of all the investigated pharmaceuticals followed pseudo-first order reaction regardless of the applied UV lamps. Among the pharmaceuticals, Cyclophosphamide, 2-Quinoxaline carboxylic acid and Clarithromycin proved to be the most UV-resistant compounds. Contrarily, Ceftiofur, Diclofenac and Ketoprofen were easily degraded by all the UV lamps. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration hardly changed although the concentration of the pharmaceuticals concentration gradually decreased with time, indicating that the degradation of parent pharmaceuticals may produce their intermediates during UV treatment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.294-298
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• 1999

배경: 비디오 흉강경 수술은 수년 전부터 자발성 기흉의 새로운 치료 방법으로 확립되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 1992년 1월부터 1996년 12월까지 서울대학교병원 흉부외과에서 자발성 기흉으로 수술을 받았던 154명의 환자들 중 추적 가능했던 126명의 환자를 대상으로 비디오 흉강경 수술과 개흉술의 임상적 결과의 차이를 후향적으로 비교하였다. 대상 및 방법: 87명의 환자에서는 비디오 흉강경을 이용한 수술을 시행하였고(A군), 나머지 39명의 환자에서는 개흉술을 시행하였다(B군). 환자들의 연령은 만 15세에서 75세까지 분포하였고, 평균 27.1세였다. 결과: A군에서 B군보다 수술시간(A군: 90.6$\pm$38.6분, B군: 117.2$\pm$58.9분, p<0.05)과 술후 입원기간(A군: 6.7$\pm$4.2일, B군: 9.4$\pm$3.3일, p<0.05)이 더 짧았으며, 수술후 사용된 진통제도 A군에서 더 적은 양을 필요로 하였다(A군: 2.4$\pm$2.8앰퓰, B군: 6.5$\pm$5.6앰퓰, p<0.05). 그러나 수술중 사용된 자동봉합기의 수는 각 2.7$\pm$1.3개와 1.8$\pm$1.0개로 A군에서 더 많았다(p<0.05). 수술후 흉관을 통한 공기누출 기간은 A군 1.3$\pm$3.3일과 B군 1.0$\pm$2.5일로 차이가 없었고(p>0.05), 수술후 흉관제거까지의 기간도 차이가 없었다(A군: 술후 4.3$\pm$4.0일, B군: 5.5$\pm$3.0일, p>0.05). 재발율은 A군 13.8%와 B군 2.6%였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론: 이상의 결과로부터 자발성 기흉의 치료에 있어서 비디오 흉강경의 도입은 재발율이나 술후 공기누출기간의 면에서는 큰 장점이 없었으나 수술시간, 재원기간, 술후 통증 그리고 미용효과의 측면에서 개흉술보다 나은 임상적 결과를 보임을 확인하였다.