• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.107-142
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• 2012

현대 사회에서 항공기는 중요한 운송수단으로 자리매김 하였고 항공 여객운송에 있어서 항공기 연착 손해로 인한 분쟁은 항공운송 관련 분쟁 중 가장 많이 발생하는 일이다. 항공운송에 관한 국제조약이 적용되지 못하는 국내운송 등과 같은 영역을 규율하기 위하여 2011년 상법 항공운송편이 제정 발효되었고 여기에 여객 및 수하물의 연착으로 인한 항공운송인의 손해배상책임제도도 마련되었다. 몇 개 안되는 조문이지만 항공운송 중 가장 빈번히 일어나는 항공기 연착으로 인한 손해배상 문제를 규율하기 때문에 그 중요성은 매우 크다고 할 수 있다. 기존의 바르샤바협약 체제의 문제점을 개선한 1999년 몬트리올협약의 관련 내용을 대부분 수용하여 제정된 우리 상법 항공운송편 규정들은 널리 통용되고 있는 국제적 기준에 부합한다는 장점은 있지만, 1999년 몬트리올협약의 문제점들을 거의 그대로 지니고 있다는 단점이 있다. 상법 항공운송편상 여객 및 수하물의 연착 손해로 인한 배상책임제도 관련 규정들의 문제점 및 개선방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연착으로 인한 항공운송인의 손해배상책임이 성립되기 위한 '연착'의 개념 정의가 없으므로 '연착'에 관한 정의 규정을 두는 것을 생각해 볼 필요가 있다. 둘째, 여객에 대한 연착 손해 발생 시 국내운송의 경우 국제운송의 1/8 수준으로 항공운송인의 배상책임한도액을 차등하여 규정한 것은 항공사보호에 별로 도움이 되지 않는 반면 소비자 피해의 구제 측면에서는 바람직하지 않으므로 국내운송의 여객 연착 손해 관련 배상책임한도액을 국제운송의 1/4~1/2 수준으로 상향 조정하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. 셋째, 수하물의 멸실 훼손의 경우와 연착의 경우를 구분 없이 수하물의 손해로 인한 항공운송인의 배상책임한도액을 모두 동일하게 규정하고 있는 것은 일반적으로 손해의 정도가 다른 대상들을 구분하지 않았기 때문에 문제가 있다고 생각되며, 수하물의 멸실 훼손의 경우와 연착의 경우를 구분하여 별도로 배상책임한도액을 규정하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다. 위에서 언급된 상법 항공운송편의 여객 및 수하물의 연착 손해 관련 배상책임 규정의 문제점 등을 비롯한 동 법률의 개선요구들에 대한 많은 연구와 논의를 통해 오랜 노력과 기다림 끝에 제정된 국내 항공운송법제를 더욱 발전시켜 나가야 할 것이다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2013

The investigation was conducted to analyze the exhaust emission characteristics in diesel engine according to intake air mass flow. In this study, the test diesel engine with a 5,899 cubic centimeter displacement and power of the 260 ps was used to analyze the emission characteristics according to the intake air mass flow. In addition, the test modes were applied by the ND-13 and ETC mode. In order to analyze the emission characteristics, the engine dynamometer with 440 kW and emission gas analyzer (AMA-4000) were utilized. From the experimental results, it is revealed that the NOx and HC emissions in the intake air mass flow of large amount have high levels compared to those in the intake air mass flow of small amount in the ND-13 mode. However, the PM emission was shown the opposite trend in the NOx and HC emission due to the trade-off relation between the NOx and PM.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2013

Differences in the filling amount of substrates in container can influence severely on the soil physical properties and crop growth. This research was conducted to secure the fundamental informations related to the changes in soil physical properties as influenced by the filling amount of coir dust-based substrates in container. For the experiment, three substrates were formulated by blending coir dust (CD) with expanded rice hull (CD+ERH, 8:2, v/v), carbonized rice hull (CD+CRH, 6:4, v/v) or ground and aged pine bark (CD+GAPB, 8:2, v/v). Based on the optimum bulk density, the amount of substrates filled in 347.5mL aluminum cylinder were adjusted to 90, 100, 110, 120, and 130%. Then the changes in total porosity (TP), container capacity (CC), and air-filled porosity (AFP) by various filling amounts were measured. The TP decreased linearly in CD+ERH and CD+GAPB and quadratically in CD+CRH as the filling amounts of the media increased from 90% to 130%. The CC in CD+ERH and CD+GAPB media increased as the filling amount increased from 90% to 120%, then decreased in 130%, showing quadratic change. The CC in CD+CRH was the highest in 90% filling amount and decreased gradually as the filling amount of root medea increased. The AFPs in CD+ERH and CD+GAPB media were 38 and 37%, respectively in 90% filling amount and they decreased drastically until 110% filling, then gradually in 120 and 130% filling amount showing the quadratic changes. The AFP of CD+CRH at 90% filling amount was 22% and it decreased as the filling amount increased until 130%, showing linear change. These results indicate that the increase in filling amount of substrates influenced more severely the AFP than CC, and careful consideration on container filling is required to provide a better root condition thus maximize crop growth.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.349-358
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• 2010

본 연구는 경상남도 함양군 지리산의 고로쇠나무 수액의 출수와 영향 인자들을 분석하여 최적의 출수 조건을 얻는데 기여하고자, 출수량과 시험지의 기온 및 상대습도, 흉고직경 그리고 수액내 당 함량 사이의 상관성을 분석하였다. 고로쇠나무의 흉고직경에 비례하는 출수량과의 상관성은 출수량이 많은 날에 높았고 출수 일수와 시기는 공시목 사이에 큰 차이점이 없었다. 출수량이 높았던 날들의 기온은 일평균기온 $1.2{\pm}1.6^{\circ}C$, 일최저기온 $-4.3{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ 그리고 일최고기온 $11.8{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 수액 출수는 기온이 영하의 온도를 지속하거나 영상의 온도를 지속할 경우에는 관찰되지 아니하였다. 기온과 출수량과의 상관 분석에서 일최고기온과 일평균기온이 유의적(p < 0.05)으로 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 수액의 출수 기간 동안 자당의 농도는 일정 수준을 유지 하였으나 출수가 종료되는 시점에서 급격하게 감소하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.185-191
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• 1967

In order to evaluate the elimination of CO through the lung comparing with the decrease of CO content in the blood, authors had induced acute CO poisoning on 9 dogs. Arterial CO-Hb saturation, CO concentration, %, in expired gas and eliminated CO amount through the lung were measured at 1,5,10,30,60, and 120 minutes after acute CO poisoning in 6 dogs breathing room air and 3 dogs breathing room air and oxygen alternately. Results obtained are summarized as follows. In room air breathing group, arterial CO-Hb saturation averaged 50.8% , and 53.67 ml of CO was blew off through the lung during 120 minutes and in alternately air and oBygen breathing group, the arterial CO-Hb saturation averaged 65.6% and 95.6 ml of CO was blew off through the lung. The amount of CO eliminated in expired gas for 120 minute was much less than the amount of decreased CO in arterial blood which was calculated with the decreased CO-Hb content in the estimated circulating blood volume. Such difference between the amount of eliminated CO in expired gas and the decreased CO in blood might be attributed to the oxidation of CO to $CO_2$ in the tissues. Concentration of CO in expired gas was markedly increased and the rate of decrease in arterial CO-Hb saturation is enhanced by oxygen breathing. In early period of recovery from acute CO poisoning, neither the CO concentration in expired gas, nor, the rate of CO elimination (unlit 2 minutes after CO poisoning) showed close correlation with the blood CO-Hb saturation level. The reason seemed to be due to irregularly depressed or unevenly stimulated respiration which were induced by acute CO poisoning.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.569-578
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• 2009

Aircraft Measurements of gaseous pollutants($SO_2$, NOx and $O_3$) in the Yellow Sea area, were carried out on 1997-2007. Main measurement site in 124$^{\circ}$-127$^{\circ}$E, 35$^{\circ}$-37$^{\circ}$N (in the Yellow Sea), have been done along the paths classified vertically and zonally. To understand how the air stream affects Long-range transboundary pollutants in Northease Asia (LTP), the tracks of pollutants in northeast Asia have been analyzed by dividing into 6 different regions(regions I-V and L). Compared with Korea's local sources and western north Pacific influenced by the Yellow Sea, when the air stream from region II is dominant, the $SO_2$ concentrations are 3-6times higher. In region II and III, $SO_2$ concentrations are represented highest at 25.0 and 14.7 ppb, respectively. However, in other regions, $SO_2$ concentration was recorderd the highest at 1.1-3.8 ppb, which is 7-15% higher then the highest one over the region II and III. During 1997-2007, the mean amount of incoming pollutants is 0.162 $ton/km{\cdot}hr$ exceeding about 5-times mean amount of outgoing pollutants over the West Sea. During the observed period, the amount of incoming and outgoing $SO_2$ over the Yellow Sea is the highest in winter, at 0.224 $ton/(km{\cdot}hr)$ and 0.120 $ton/(km{\cdot}hr)$, respectively.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.705-710
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• 2012

This study aims to analyse changes of inner temperature of PVS(Passive ventilation skin) and heat recovery when it has ventilation of air through PVS using numerical simulation in the winter condition. Results are as follows. 1) In case of the air inflows through PVS, change of inner temperature of PVS is lower than in case of the air flows inner space to out space, by dynamic insulation. 2) It was identified that the temperature gradient of PVS were bigger by increases of ventilation amount. To reduce ventilation load, heat transfer efficiency at the inner side of PVS is important and what performance of insulation at the inner side of PVS secure helps to improve heat performance of all PVS.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2019

Flow visualizations have been carried out to analyze the characteristics of bubby flows exhausted from a venturi-type bubble generator with an air vent. For various design parameters and operating conditions of the bubble generator, the images of bubbly flows was recorded using a high-speed camera and a microscope. Then the amount and size distribution of bubble was evaluated by an image processing technique. The results show that for increasing the amount of bubble, it is more effective to reduce the venturi throat than to enlarge the air vent diameter. If the water flow rate increases, the bubble generation rate increases but reaches a status of saturation, whose condition depends on Reynolds number at a given air vent diameter. The bubble size increases as the diameter of venturi throat decreases and Reynolds number increases. However, the air vent diameter is not a significant factor on bubble size.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.633-638
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• 2011

Increasing demand for comfortable indoor environment and air-conditioning demand is also increasing. Building energy consumption in university which is made up of many different kinds factor was researched. Central control air-conditioning systems are being replaced with individually controlled air-conditioning system. The amount of growth of electricity consumption is due to the increasing demand of EHP. Conversely, the demand for absorption chiller-heater is shrinking. Winter and in summer a lot of electricity and gas usage. On the other hand, showed less energy in spring and autumn. Increase the amount of electricity than the degree of decline in gas consumption was higher. Can be considered as transitional phenomena. Because EHP and the absorption chiller-heater are used at the same time in some of the buildings. To use energy efficiently is needed additional research about environmental impact, economic evaluation.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2004

In order to save the energy in apartment houses, it is essential that the energy amount consumed in heating per household should be surveyed and analyzed according to heating method, which can be classified into unit, central and district methods. As a basis, we selected the household with nominal area of 32 py. because it accounts for the most percentage in Korea. It is estimated that the gas amount for cooking is 90 ㎥ and the energy amount for hot water supply is 11.41 GJ for a year, which is necessary to calculate the heating energy. Through the survey of actual energy consumption in Seoul and Gyeonggi, the energy amount used in heating can be obtained according to the heating type: 26.02 GJ/year for the unit heating, 28.09 GJ/year for the central heating and 40.61 GJ/year for the district heating.