• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 1981

Ammonium citrate와 ammonium succinate가 고려인삼(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) 배양세포의 생육 및 질소성분의 흡수에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 Murashige and Skoog 배지에서 ammonium nitrate 대신에 농도를 달리하여 ammonium citrate와 ammonium succinate를 첨가한 MS배지에 인삼 callus를 액체 진탕배양하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. Ammonium citrate 10mM과 ammonium succinate 10mM을 첨가한 배양기에서 생육량, NO$_3$-N 흡수량 및 전질소량이 control보다 많았고, NH$_4$-N 흡수량은 control과 같았다. 또한 각각 5mM씩 첨가한 경우에는 거의 모두 control과 별 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 ammonium citrate 10mM과 ammonium succinate 10mM첨가한 배양기에서는 NO$_3$-N 등의 흡수를 촉진하여 배양세포의 대사를 촉진시켜 생육량을 증가시키는 것으로 생각된다. 그리하여 ammonium citrate 또는 ammonium succinate의 농도를 조절 공급하면 인삼 배양세포의 증식을 촉진시킬 수 있다고 사료된다.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.118-128
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• 1996

양이온성 천연 고분자 전해질인 chitosan의 수용성 유도체를 제조하기 위해 chitosan에 먼저 Schiff's base를 형성시키고, 이를 다시 환원시키는 방법으로 chitosan에 N-methyl, N-butyl, N,N-dibutyl기를 각각 도입시킨 후, NMP중에서 methyl iodide를 이용하여 4차 ammonium 기가 도입된 chitosan 유도체를 합성하였다. 이 반응에서 선택적인 N-alkyl 유도체 뿐 아니라 O-alkyl 또한 진행됨을 확인하였다. 제조한 각 4 차 ammonium기가 도입된 chitosan 유도체의 응집성능을 검토하기 위해 제지공장 폐수를 대상으로 응집실험을 행한 결과, chitosan 에서와는 달리 거의 모든 pH 영역에서 일정하게 뛰어난 투과도와 COD 제거율을 보였으며, alkyl 기의 탄소수가 증가할수록 응집능은 증가되었고 그 중에서도 N-butyl dimethyl chitosan ammonium iodide가 가장 우수하였다. 그러나 N-dibutyl methyl chitosan ammonium iodide는 오히려 chitosan 자체보다 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2005

To find out the optimum mixture ratio of ammonium and nitrate on rice plant, 4 rice varieties were examined during 14days after transplanting in hydroponics with the different ratio of ammonium to nitrate(100 : 0, 75: 25,50: 50, 25: 75 and 0: 100). The highest N uptake from solution and the maximum plant dry weight were $60\~70\%$ ammonium and $30\~40\%$ nitrate mixture treatment both in Japonica and Tongil type rice plants. And with the same varieties N-uptake and N use-efficiency were compared between 10.0 mM and 1.0 mM nitrogen using $70\%$ ammonium and $30\%$ nitrate for 24 days after transplanting. Rice plants absorbed more nitrogen$(131\~145\%)$ in 10.0mM than 1.0mM treatment but accumulated N in rice plants were almost the same in both treatment. Among the tested rice cultivars, dry matter production and total accumulative nitrogen in rice plants were much high in Tongil type than japonica type rice cultivars. N-recovery ratios of rice plants from uptake N were $90.8-99.0\%$ in low concentration N solution(1.0 mM), but $69.4-81.7\%$ were observed in high concentration N solution(10.0 mM). It means that suppling low concentration N steadily will be better to prevent loss of N without reducing of growth in rice plants.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nitrification characteristics of biological aerated filter (BAF) packed with ceramic media, especially focusing on nitrite build-up during nitrification. When increasing the nitrogen load above $1.63kgNH_4{^+}-N/m^3{\cdot}d$, ammonium removal efficiency decreased to less than 60% and the nitrite ratio ($NO_2{^-}-N/NO_x-N$) of higher than 75% was achieved due to the inhibitory free ammonia (FA, $NH_3-N$) concentration and oxygen limitation. FA inhibition, however, is not recommended strategy to promote nitrite build-up since FA concentration in the reactor is coupled with decreased ammonium removal efficiency. Nitrite ratio in the effluent was also affected by aeration rate and influent ammonium concentration. Ammonium oxidation was enhanced at a higher aeration rate regardless of influent ammonium concentration but, the nitrite ratio was dependent on both aeration rate and influent ammonium concentration. While a higher nitrite ratio was obtained when BAFs were fed with $50mgNH_4{^+}-N/L$ of influent, the nitrite ratio significantly decreased for a greater influent concentration of $200-300mgNH_4{^+}-N/L$. Taken together, aeration rate, influent ammonium concentration and FA concentrations kept in the BAF were found to be critical variables for nitrite accumulation in the BAF system.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제41권12호
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• pp.661-665
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• 1997

Ammonium dinitramide(ADN)은 최근에 개발된 고체 산화제로 ammonium perchlorate(AP)나 ammonium nitrate(AN) 등을 대체할 수 있다. Bis(2-cyanoethyl)amine에 니트로화 반응을 시킨 후 염기 처리하여 cyanoethyl기를 제거하고 NA2BF4를 사용하여 두번째 니트로 기를 도입하면 ADN 합성에 중요한 중간체인 3-N-Nitro-bis(2-cyanoethyl)amine은 N-nitroso 화합물의 산화반응으로 얻을 수도 있다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.743-748
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• 1994

Photochemical reactions of saccharin with tertiary amines were explored. Saccharin was found to undergo an acid-base reaction with N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl amine to form N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl ammonium saccharin salt which is in equilibrium with free saccharin and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl amine insolution. Photoreaction of N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl ammonium saccharin in $CH_3OH\;or\;CH_3CN$ results in the generation of desilylmethylated product, N,N-diethyl ammonium saccharin mainly along with benzamide. Photoreaction of N-methylsaccharin with N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl amine in $CH_3OH$ leads to the production of o-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-N-ethylbenzenesulfonamid e as the major product along with N-methylbenzamide as the minor product. On the other hand, photoreaction of N,N,N-triethyl ammonium saccharin, generated from saccharin and triethylamine, produces N-methylbenzamide as the exclusive product. These photoreactions are quenched by oxygen indicating that triplets of saccharin and N-methylsaccharin are the reactive excited states. Based on the consideration of the redox potentials of saccharin and N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N,N-diethyl amine, and the nature of photoproducts, pathways involving initial triplet state single electron transfer are proposed for photoreactions of the saccharins with the ${\alpha}$-silylamine.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.599-604
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• 2006

Nitrogen removal with the combined SHARON (Single reactor system for high ammonium removal over nitrite)ANAMMOX (Anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process using the effluent of ADEPT (Anaerobic digestion elutriated phased treatment) slurry reactor with very low C/N ratio for piggery waste treatment was investigated. For the preceding SHARON reactor, ammonium nitrogen loading and removal rate were $0.97kg\;NH_4-N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ and $0.68kg\;NH_4-N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ respectively. In steady state, bicarbonate alkalinity consumption for ammonium nitrogen converted to $NO_2-N$ or $NO_3-N$ was 8.4 gram per gram ammonium nitrogen. The successive ANAMMOX reactor was fed with the effluent from SHARON reactor. The loading and removal rate of the soluble nitrogen defined as the sum total of $NH_4-N$, $NO_2-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in ANAMMOX reactor were $1.36kg\;soluble\;N/m^3_{reactor}/day$ and $0.7kg\;soluble\;N/m^3_{reactor}/day$, respectively. The average $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratio by ANAMMOX was 2.41. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis verified that Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis were dominate, which means that they played an important role of nitrogen removal in ANAMMOX reactor.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.296-302
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• 2019

In this study, the effects of ammonium concentration ($117.5-1155.0mg-N{\cdot}l^{-1}$), nitrite concentration ($0-50.0mg-N{\cdot}l^{-1}$), and temperature ($15-35^{\circ}C$) on nitrification performance and its functional genes (amoA-arc, amoA-bac, hao) in an enriched consortium inoculated with humic acid were determined. Notably, the maximum nitrification rate value was observed at $315mg-N{\cdot}l^{-1}$ of ammonium, but the highest functional gene copy numbers were obtained at $630mg-N{\cdot}l^{-1}$ of ammonium. No inhibition of the nitrification rate and functional gene copy numbers was observed via the added nitrites. The optimum temperature for maximum nitrification performance was observed to be $30^{\circ}C$. The amoA-bac copy numbers were also greater than those of amoA-arc under all test conditions. Notably, amoA-arc copy numbers and nitrification efficiency showed a positive relationship in network analysis. These results indicate that ammonium-oxidizing archaea and bacteria play important roles in the nitrification process.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2002년도 생물공학의 동향 (X)
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• pp.399-402
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• 2002

Industrial wastewater with high ammonium concentration was treated in batch biological systems which was a modified Ludzack- Ettinger process. Up to 78% conversion of $NH_4\;^+-N$ to $NO_x\;^--N$ was achieved in batch culture condition. Under anoxic condition with methanol as the carbon source, the denitrifiers decreased $NO_x\;^--N$ concentration from 608 mg/L to 5.6 mg/L in 22 d. As well as anoxic denitrification of $NO_x\;^-$ to $N_2$, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium also occurred under the condition as respiratory denitrification.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.482-491
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• 2006

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) from substrates with various $NO_2-N$ and $NH_4-N$ concentationes, which were generated from piggery waste was accomplished by using anaerobic granular sludge as seeding sludge. As the result of operation, when $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios of ANAMMOX influent were 0.6~1.5, $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios were exhibited 1.19~2.07 (average 1.63). The higher influent $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios resulted in higher $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios by ANAMMOX. It means that $NO_2-N$ concentration is very important factor in ANAMMOX. Specific ammonium removal rate was constantly as $0.03{\sim}0.04gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $35^{\circ}C$ while it was $0.01gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Thus, in order to reduce the effluent N concentration, either an increase of ANAMMOX reactor HRT or more biomass accumulation at the optimal temperature can be considered.