• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.72-81
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• 2013

Four Luxi beef cattle ($400{\pm}10$ kg) fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to assess the effects of soybean small peptide (SSP) infusion on rumen fermentation, diet digestion and flow of nutrient in the gastrointestinal tract. The ruminal infusion of SSP was 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 g/d. Ruminal SSP infusion linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p<0.01) increased microbial protein synthesis and rumen ammonia-N concentration. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acid were linearly increased (p = 0.029) by infusion SSP. Rumen samples were obtained for analysis of microbial ecology by real-time PCR. Populations of rumen Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Streptococcus bovis, Ciliate protozoa, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Prevotella ruminicola were expressed as a proportion of total Rumen bacterial 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA). Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens populations which related to total bacterial 16S rDNA were increased (p<0.05), while Streptococcus bovis populations were linearly (p = 0.049) and quadratically (p = 0.020) decreased by infusion of SSP. Apparent rumen digestibility of DM and NDF were (Q, p<0.05; L, p<0.05) increased with infusion SSP. Total tract digestion of DM, OM and NDF were linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p<0.01) increased by infusing SSP. The flow of total amino acids (AA), essential amino acids (EAA) and individual amino acids were linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p<0.01) increased with infusion SSP. The digestibility of Lysine was quadratically (p = 0.033) increased and apparent degradability of Arginine was linearly (p = 0.032) and quadratically (p = 0.042) increased with infusion SSP. The results indicated that infusion SSP could improve nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation and AA availability.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.405-411
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• 1988

참깨박 단백질의 식용화를 목적으로 참깨박에 hydrogen peroxide papain처리 및 아실화가 분리참깨박단백의 품질 및 기능적 성질에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. hydrogen peroxide papain 및 papain 과 hydrogen peroxide를 병행처리한 경우 alkali처리시보다 참깨박 단백질의 추출율, 분리단백의 단백질 함량이 높았으며 분리 단백의 아미노산 조성은 lysine을 제외한 필수아미노산의 함량이 비교적 우수하였고 분리단백의 색상, 기능적 성질 및 pepsin소화성이 현저히 향상되었다. 또한 아실화에 의하여 제1 제한아비노산인 lysine의 함량증가와 용해도, 용적밀도, 수분흡착도. 지방흡착도 및 유화성이 현저히 개선되었으나 기포성 및 소화성은 약간 저하시키는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.453-458
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• 1994

체색이 다른 세종류(백색육, 황색육, 회색육)의 식용 달팽이(Giant snail, Achatine fulica)의 일반성분과 무기질을 정량하여 이의 식품학적 가능성을 예측하였으며, 효소를 이용한 단백소화율(in vitro protein digestibility), 단백효율비(C-PER, computed protein efficiency ratio) 및 typsin inibitor 함량을 측정하여 이의 단백질 품질을 평가하였다. 또한 전처리 및 가공조건을 달리한 달팽이 제품의 단백질 품질을 측정하여 바람직한 처리조건을 찾으려 했으며, 달팽이육 중에 다량 포함되어 있는 점액성 물질이 다른 단백질의 소화율에 미치는 영향도 아울러 실험하였다. 1. 식용왕달팽이의 가식부는 39% 정도로서 해산패류보다 10%정도 높았으며 가식부 100g당 11.5~13.7%의 단백질, 0.9~1.3%정도의 지질이 함유되어 있다. 무기질로서는 칼슘, 칼륨 및 마그네슘이 풍부하였고 특히 칼슘함량은 굴(oyster)에 비교하여 5~10배 높았다. 2. 아미노산의 함량과 그 조성은 백색육, 회색육, 황색육이 모두 비슷하였고, 주요 아미노산은 aspaltic acid, glutamic acid, proline과 glycine으로 총아미노산의 52.5%를 차지하였고 특히 필수아미노산 함량이 총아미노산의 45~46%를 차지하여 균형잡힌 단백질로 판별되었다. 3. 생달팽이육의 단백질 소화율은 76.6%(회색육)~81%(황색육과 백색육)였으며 단백효율비는 2.24(백색육)~2.36(황색육) 범위였으나, trypsin inhibitor함량은 체색에 따라 다양하였다(백색윤 22.7mg/g solid, 회색육 28.97mg/g solid 및 황색육 36.75mg/g solid). 4. 10% 식염수에 5분간 침지한 후 10분간 boiling한 달팽이육의 소화율은 생육에 비해 1.7%(백색육)~5.7%(회색육)로 증가하였고, trypsin inhibitor 함량은 12.62mg/g solid (백색육)과 16.40mg/g solid (회색육)로 크게 감소하였으며, C-PER은 가공조건에 따라 변동이 없었다. 5. 생달팽이육에 다량 함유된 점액성물질은 여러가지 단백질의 소화율 2% (ANRC casein)~11%(filefish protein)로 감소시켰다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.102-110
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• 2015

The purpose of this experiment was to determine and compare the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in full-oil (no oil extracted) and de-oiled (oil extracted) corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with different condensed distillers solubles (CDS) ratios. Six barrows ($29.6{\pm}2.3kg$) fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into a $6{\times}6$ Latin square design. Each period was comprised of a 5-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The five test diets contained 62% DDGS as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an index in each diet. The results showed that CP and AA were very similar in 5 DDGS, but the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine (from 56.16% to 71.15%) and tryptophan (from 54.90% to 68.38%) had the lowest values and largest variation within the essential AA, which suggests reduced availability of AA and different levels of Maillard reactions in the five DDGS. The apparent ileal digestibility and SID of CP and most of AA in full-oil DDGS (sources 1 and 2) were greater (p<0.05) than de-oiled DDGS (sources 3, 4, and 5). Comparing the AA SID in the 5 DDGS, full-oil with low CDS ratio DDGS (source 1) had non-significantly higher values (p>0.05) than full-oil with high CDS ratio DDGS (source 2); however, the SID of most AA of de-oiled with low CDS ratios DDGS (source 3) were non-significantly lower (p>0.05) than de-oiled with high CDS ratio DDGS (source 4); and the de-oiled DDGS with middle CDS ratio (source 5) but with different drying processing had the lowest SID AA values. In conclusion, de-oiled DDGS had lower SID of CP and AA than full-oil DDGS; a higher CDS ratio tended to decrease the SID of AA in full-oil DDGS but not in de-oiled DDGS; and compared with CDS ratio, processing, especially drying, may have more of an effect on AA digestibility of DDGS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1946-1955
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of keratinase (KE) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in rice bran, cottonseed meal (CSM), rapeseed meal (RSM), corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and peanut meal (PNM). Methods: Twelve crossbred barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire, $50.5{\pm}1.4kg$ body weight [BW]) fitted with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum were allotted to a $12{\times}6$ Youden Square design with 12 diets and 6 periods. The treatment diets included rice bran, CSM, RSM, corn DDGS, PNM, or corn-soybean meal (cSBM) supplemented with 0.05% KE or not. Diets were given to pigs at a level of 3% BW in two equal meals. The endogenous AA losses were the mean results of three previously experiments determined by a same nitrogen-free diet fed to pigs. Pigs had free access to water during the experiment. Results: The KE supplementation improved (p<0.05) the AID and SID of Met, Thr, Val, Asp, Cys, and Tyr in rice bran. Inclusion of KE increased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of Met and Val in CSM. The KE supplementation decreased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of His in RSM and all measured AA except for Arg, Met, Trp, Val, Gly, and Pro in corn DDGS. There was an increase (p<0.05) in AID and SID of Leu, Ile, Met, Ala, Cys, Ser, and Tyr in PNM supplemented with KE compared with that without KE. Inclusion of KE increased (p<0.05) the AID and SID of crude protein, Leu, Ile, Phe, Thr, Asp, and Ser in cSBM. Conclusion: This study indicated that KE had different effects on ileal AA digestibility of feedstuffs for growing pigs, which can give some usage directions of KE in swine feed containing those detected feedstuffs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2009

본 연구는 옥수수 DDGS의 색상과 phytase 첨가가 회장 아미노산 소화율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 공시 재료는 세가지 색상의 DDGS(DDGS1, DDGS2, DDGS3)를 이용하였으며, 시험계는 유사한 체중의 5주령 Ross종(Ross 308) 육계 수컷 108수(평균 체중 $1.8{\pm}0.2\;kg$)를 공시하였다. 시험 설계는 세 가지 색상의 DDGS와 phytase 첨가 3처리구(0, 500, 1,000 FTU/kg)의 $3{\times}3$ 복합 요인으로 총 9처리구, 처리당 12수씩 완전 임의 배치 하여 7일 동안 소화 시험을 실시하였다. DDGS의 색상은 각각 DDGS1이 $L^*=55.2$, $a^*=8.8$, $b^*=41.3$, DDGS2가 $L^*=39.8$, $a^*=7.5$, $b^*=27.1$, DDGS3이 $L^*=28.3$, $a^*=6.1$, $b^*=15.4$로 나타났다. DDGS의 색상에 따른 아미노산 소화율은 어두운 색이 밝은 색보다 모든 아미노산의 소화율이 낮게 나타났다. DDGS의 처리구에 phytase를 첨가하여 급여시에 소화율이 증가하는 경향이었다. 필수아미노산의 평균 소화율은 모든 처리구에서 각각 77.7, 80.0, 81.5, 76.0, 78.4, 80.1, 67.6, 69.6 및 71.0% 이었으며, 비필수 아미노산의 평균 소화율은 각각 73.6, 75.8, 77.3, 73.1, 75.3, 76.8, 67.4, 69.4 및70.7% 이었다. 이번 실험의 결과에서, DDGS 색상이 어두울수록 그리고 phytase 수준이 낮을수록 아미노산 이용률이 낮게 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.666-672
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of the amino acids contained in sunflower meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four 20 kg crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) barrows were fitted with simple Tcannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% sunflower meal. For the growth trial, 80 crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) growing pigs (21.5 kg) were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10 or 15% sunflower meal. Five pens (2 gilts and 2 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. With the exception of arginine and valine, the digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of sunflower meal in the diet increased. During both the growing (21.5-49.1 kg) and finishing (49.1-90.3 kg) periods and over the entire experiment (21.5-90.3 kg), average daily gain declined in a linear manner (p<0.05) with increasing amounts of sunflower meal. Feed intake was not significantly altered while feed conversion declined in a linear manner (p<0.05) during the grower period only. When the entire experimental period was taken into account, there would appear to be little penalty in either growth or feed conversion for including sunflower meal at levels up to 10% of the diet. Therefore, the price relationship between sunflower meal and other high-protein feedstuffs may provide an excellant opportunity for pork producers to use sunflower meal in order to reduce feed costs.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.145-152
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• 1999

To explore the possibility of using freeze dried loach for instant choo o tang(Korean traditional loach soup), protein qualities and fatty acid composition were evaluated on boiled and steamed loach. Total lipid and ash content were lowered in both heated(boiled and steamed) loaches due to deboning and eviscerating during cooked meat preparation. Profiles of total amino acids were not changed seriously by the type of cooking, but the amount of essential amino acids were comparable in all samples. Two times more free amino acids were quantified in cooked samples compared to raw meat. Available lysine was marginally decreased by cooking, and that caused some measurable change in typsin indigestible substrate(TI) in streamed whole loach. In vitro protein digestibility of the heated loaches was not altered drastically and the protein quality determined as computed protein efficiency ratio(C PER) was similar for the raw, boiled and steamed loach. The ratios of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids changed measurably in heated whole loach. The results shows that heating caused apparent oxidative deterioration of the polyunsaturated fatty acids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion of growing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation with yucca extract (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (16, 18, 20%). During the whole experimental period (18 to 52 kg body weight), there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI or F/G by YE addition or different protein levels among treatments (p>0.05). Overall, although addition of YE to the diet and elevation of protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments. Pigs fed diets with YE showed significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA) and crude protein (CP) digestibility than did the others during the growing period. Concerning the levels of dietary protein, only the CP digestibility was significantly higher in pigs fed high protein diet. Pig fed the low protein diet without YE showed a significantly low CP digestibility (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Pigs fed YE supplemented diets showed significantly (p<0.05) higher amino acid digestibility. Also, high CP level diets showed a higher amino acid digestibility than low CP diets (p<0.05). DM and N excretion did not show any significant differences among treatments, there was a slightly lower excretion with increase in dietary protein level. Supplementation with YE significantly decreased the DM and N excretion. Interaction (YE$\times$protein) was found in P excretion. Pigs fed a medium protein diet without YE showed the lowest P excretion during the growing period. The NH3-N content in the feces tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. During the whole experimental period, the cost for YE supplementation was similar to value of the improvements of performance obtained. The cost of feeding high level protein was significantly higher than that of medium level protein by 10% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). It could be concluded that the effects of dietary protein level and yucca extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion might play a role to some extent in growing pigs from the aspect of pollution control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.1632-1638
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• 2010

Two experiments with growing pigs were conducted to investigate the effects of two distinct multienzyme preparations on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and blood profiles. In Exp. 1, a total of 96 pigs ($29.7{\pm}0.69\;kg$) were utilized in a 42-day performance and digestibility trial using four dietary treatments: CON (control diet), ENDO (control+0.10% Endopower), NSPase1 (control+0.10% NSPase) and NSPase2 (control+0.20% NSPase). Endopower was a commercial multienzyme preparation which contained ${\alpha}$-galactosidase, galactomannase, xylanase and ${\beta}$-glucanase. NSPase mainly contained ${\alpha}$-1,6-${\beta}$-galactosidase, ${\beta}$-1,4-mannanase and ${\beta}$-1,4-mannosidase. There were six replication pens per treatment with four pigs per pen. Pigs fed NSPase1 diet had a higher ADG (p<0.05) and G:F (p<0.05) than those fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in growth performance among the multienzyme treatments (p>0.05). Compared with CON, apparent digestibility of DM was increased (p<0.05) by ENDO treatment. N digestibility was improved (p<0.05) in response to multienzyme treatments during the experimental period. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was higher (p<0.05) in ENDO treatment than in CON and NSPase1 treatments at the end of the experiment, while the glucose level improved (p<0.05) due to ENDO and NSPase2 treatments. In Exp. 2, four ileal-cannulated, growing barrows ($20.17{\pm}1.31\;kg$) were housed in individual metabolism crates and randomly assigned to 1of 4 treatments (same as Exp. 1) within a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Enzyme supplementations improved the majority of apparent ileal amino acid digestibilities (p<0.05). It is concluded that the supplementation of NSPase1 improved growth performance as well as N digestibility and partially improved apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in growing pigs fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal.