• 한국가금학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

본 시험은 밀기울과 채종박에 대한 육용오리(Pekin종, 평균체중 3.4 kg)의 소화율을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 6주령 육용오리 90수를 선별하여 대사케이지에서 1주간 사육하며 소화시험을 수행하였고, 시험사료는 밀기울과 채종박을 이용하였다. 시험설계는 사료원료에 따른 3처리구, 처리구당 6반복, 반복당 5수씩을 완전임의 배치하여 시험을 수행하였으며, 시험이 끝난 후 분과 회장에서 소화율 측정용 시료를 채취하였다. 처리구와 시료 채취 부위에 따른 일반성분의 소화율은 조단백질과 조지방을 제외한 성분들에서 기초사료의 분 소화율이 가장 높았으며, 채종박의 회장 소화율이 낮게 나타났다(P<0.01). 처리구 간 비교에서 기초 사료의 소화율이 가장 높았고, 밀기울의 소화율이 가장 낮았다(P<0.05). 분과 회장 소화율의 비교에서도 조단백질과 조지방에서는 회장 소화율이 분의 소화율보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05, P<0.01). 처리구와 시료 채취 부위에 따른 아미노산의 소화율은 기초사료의 분 소화율이 가장 높았으며, 채종박의 회장 소화율이 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.01). 처리구간 비교에서는 필수 아미노산 중 iso-leucine, leucine 및 phenylalanine, 비필수 아미노산 중 alanine, glycine 및 tyrosine은 대조구와 밀기울 급여구, 밀기울과 채종박 급여구 사이에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 이들 아미노산의 소화율은 대조구가 채종박 급여구에 비해 높았다(P<0.05). 다른 아미노산들은 처리구에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 오리에 의한 밀기울과 채종박의 소화율에 대한 정보를 제시하였으며, 도출된 결과들은 오리 사료의 최적 배합을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1151-1158
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• 2008

This study was designed to examine the effects of different dietary protein levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization, amino acid (AA) digestibility and serum biochemical parameters of preruminant dairy calves. Fifteen healthy new-born calves were randomly allotted to three experimental groups and fed with different milk replacer that contained 18% (LP), 22% (MP) or 26% (HP) of protein. The results showed that final BW, net gain and ADG were significantly higher in the MP group than in LP and HP groups (p<0.05). In addition, the apparent digestibility of CP in the MP group was significantly higher than in the other two groups (p<0.05). The values of N intake and fecal N excretion were significantly increased following the increase of dietary protein content (p<0.05). However, in all three groups of animals, dietary protein content had no significant effect on urinary N concentration (p>0.05). BUN concentration, on the other hand, decreased as calves grew but increased following the increase of dietary CP content. Furthermore, no significant differences in digestibility of amino acids were observed among these three groups of animals (p>0.05). We concluded that calves fed with milk replacer containing 22% of protein had better growth performance and nutrient utilization as compared to animals treated with milk replacer containing either 18% or 26% of protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1634-1638
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• 2002

Quantification of endogenous amino acid loss at the terminal ileum is an essential means for calculation of the true amino acid digestibility of a feedstuff. Since nitrogen appeared in the determined diet or not could shift the results very much, also, none of digestibility markers could be recovered with 100% rate at the terminal ileum, the objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine endogenous amino acid losses when fed either a casein diet or a protein-free diet and (2) to examine the reliability of chromic oxide or acid insoluble ash in the protein-free diet. Six ileal-cannulated pigs ($65{\pm}1.85 kg$ BW) with a simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum were used in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square designed trial, after allowed a 14 d recuperation period. Each test period ran for 12 days comprised of a 10 d adjustment period and a 2 d collection period. The endogenous AA losses of His, Ile, Lys, Cys, Thr, Val, Trp, Asp, Glu, and Ser from pigs fed the casein diet were significantly higher than those of the protein-free diet (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the amount of endogenous amino acid loss when determined with the different markers in the protein-free diet (p>0.05). These data suggest that endogenous amino acid loss could be underestimated when a protein-free diet is used. A direct effect of dietary peptides on the endogenous amino acid loss was found when the casein diet was fed. Our results also indicate that acid insoluble ash can be used as an inert marker as an alternative to chromic oxide when measuring endogenous amino acid loss.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.460-467
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• 2020

The effects of arginine (Arg) and methionine (Met) supplementation on nutrient use in pigs were determined under hot season conditions. A total of five experimental diets including basal diet (CON) were supplemented with two types of amino acids (Arg and Met) and two different amounts of amino acids (0.2% and 0.4%). Under hot season condition, pigs fed with additional Arg were significantly higher in average daily gain (ADG) than the CON group and the ADG increased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing Arg supplementation. But there was no significant difference with Met supplementation (p > 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids had no significant difference among treatments (p > 0.05), while d-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) concentration in treatments with Arg supplementation, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other treatments. In conclusion, exposure of pigs to heat stress does not affect the AID of amino acid, whereas pig fed with additional Arg improved ADG and feed efficiency under heat stress condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2015

This study evaluated the in situ ruminal degradability, and subsequent small intestinal digestibility (SID) of dry matter, crude protein (CP), and amino acids (AA) of cottonseed meal (CSM), sunflower seed meal (SFSM) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) by using the modified three-step in vitro procedure. The ruminal degradability and subsequent SID of AA in rumen-undegradable protein (RUP-AA) varied among three protein supplements. The result show that the effective degradability of DM for SFSM, CSM, and DDGS was 60.8%, 56.4%, and 41.0% and their ruminal fermentable organic matter was 60.0%, 55.9%, and 39.9%, respectively. The ruminal degradable protein (RDP) content in CP for SFSM, CSM, and DDGS was 68.3%, 39.0%, and 32.9%, respectively, at the ruminal solid passage rate of 1.84%/h. The SFSM is a good source of RDP for rumen micro-organisms; however, the SID of RUP of SFSM was lower. The DDGS and CSM are good sources of RUP for lambs to digest in the small intestine to complement ruminal microbial AA of growing lambs. Individual RUP-AA from each protein source was selectively removed by the rumen microorganisms, especially for Trp, Arg, His, and Lys (p<0.01). The SID of individual RUP-AA was different within specific RUP origin (p<0.01). Limiting amino acid was Leu for RUP of CSM and Lys for both RUP of SFSM and DDGS, respectively. Therefore, different protein supplements with specific limitations should be selected and combined carefully in growing lambs ration to optimize AA balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1761-1767
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• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of coated compound proteases (CC protease) on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen (N) and energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and nutrients in diets for pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 crossbred barrows (initial body weight: $20.79{\pm}1.94kg$) were housed in individual metabolism crates and allotted into 2 treatments with 6 piglets per treatment according to weight in a randomized complete block design. The 2 diets were corn-soybean meal basal diets with (0.2 g/kg) or without CC protease supplementation. The CC protease supplementation increased (p<0.05) the digestible and metabolizable N and energy values and the digestibility and retention rate of N in the diet. The ATTD of energy and nutrients had been improved (p<0.05) in the diet supplemented with CC protease. In Exp. 2, 12 crossbred barrows (initial body weight: $20.79{\pm}1.94kg$), fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were blocked by body weight into 2 groups with 6 pigs each. The diets were the same as those in Exp. 1. The CC protease increased (p<0.05) the AID of crude protein and some essential AA including arginine, isoleucine and leucine. The AID and ATTD of energy and nutrients had been improved (p<0.05) by supplemental CC protease, but the hindgut digestibility of nutrients was unaffected. Overall, the CC protease improved the ATTD of N and energy and AID of some indispensible AA and nutrients in the corn-soybean meal diet for pigs. Therefore, the CC protease supplement could improve the utilization of protein in the corn-soybean meal diet and thus contribute to lower N excretion to the environment.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1974-1980
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in growing pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of copra meal (CM) with β-mannanase supplementation. Methods: Twenty barrows (initial body weight: 34.43±0.11 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were individually housed in metabolism crates. Pigs were allotted to 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were: i) NC, negative control, corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diet, ii) PC, positive control, basal diet + 0.10% β-mannanase supplementation (800 IU/kg), iii) CM6, PC diet with 6% CM supplementation, iv) CM12, PC diet with 12% CM supplementation, and v) CM18, PC diet with 18% CM supplementation. A nitrogen-free diet was used to estimate basal endogenous losses of AA for SID calculation. All experimental diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Each period consisted of a 4-d diet adaptation period and a 3-d ileal digesta collection period. Results: There were no differences in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of all AA between the NC and PC treatments except that the PC treatment had lower AID and SID of glycine than the NC treatment (p<0.05). There were linear decreases in AID and SID of lysine (p<0.05) and aspartic acid (p = 0.06; tendency) with increasing levels of CM in the diets with β-mannanase. Conclusion: The β-mannanase supplementation had no effect on AA digestibility in pigs fed the corn-SBM based diet but increasing levels of CM reduced SID of lysine and aspartic acid.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.740-751
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• 2022

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of bird age on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) for 10-d-old Experiment (Exp. 1) and 22-d-old (Exp. 2) male broilers. This study investigated the effects of different broiler ages and feed ingredients on AID and SID of AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Four hundred and eighty (age = 7 d; initial body weight [BW] = 173.4 ± 12.65 g) and 192 (age = 18 d; initial BW = 772.2 ± 62.13 g) birds were allocated to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with eight replicate cages per treatment. Two diets were formulated based on corn or SBM as the sole source of AA in the diet. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure basal endogenous losses of AA. Experimental diets were given for 3 and 4 days in Exps. 1 and 2, respectively. An interaction was observed (p < 0.05) between the age of birds and the type of ingredient for the AID of most AA, except for methionine, valine, cysteine (Cys), and tyrosine; however, the effects of age and type of ingredients were diminished in the SID of AA, except for histidine, isoleucine, leucine (Leu), phenylalanine, alanine (Ala), and glutamic acid (Glu). The AID of AA, except for Leu and Cys and the SID of AA, except for Leu, Ala, Glu, and Pro in SBM were greater (p < 0.05) than in corn. As the age of birds increased from 10 to 22 d, digestibility of all AA increased (p < 0.05), regardless of the expression of AA digestibility (i.e., AID and SID). In conclusion, the AID and SID of AA in both corn and SBM increased with increasing age, and the AID and SID of AA in SBM were greater than in corn.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.873-882
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• 2008

Eight ileally cannulated pigs (BW $35.9{\pm}0.9kg$) were randomly allotted according to a $4{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the effects of cellulose, pectin and starch on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) as well as on the bacterial AA contribution in feces. The pigs were fed the control diet (20.2% CP, % dry matter (DM)) or one of the three experimental diets in which 25% of the control diet was substituted by cellulose, starch or pectin. Due to this substitution, dietary CP levels were lower in the cellulose (15.5% CP, % DM), pectin (15.4% CP, % DM) and starch diet (15.2% CP, % DM). Following a 15-d adaptation period, feces were collected for 5 d and ileal digesta for a total of 24 h. Starch increased SID of CP, while cellulose and pectin had no significant effect on the digestibility of CP. Overall, starch supplementation resulted in higher (p<0.05) SID values of histidine, isoleucine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine and serine compared with cellulose, while pectin decreased (p<0.05) SID of valine and proline compared with the starch and control diet. Both cellulose and pectin reduced (p<0.05) the ATTD of CP and AA, while starch decreased (p<0.05) ATTD of phenylalanine, alanine, proline and serine compared with the control. With regard to bacterial AA composition of the fecal mixed bacterial mass (MBM), cellulose supplementation increased (p<0.05) its content of N and almost all AA, except for valine, while pectin caused higher contents of arginine, histidine and proline compared with the control (p<0.05). The bacterial contribution of arginine in feces was higher (p<0.05) in the cellulose treatment, while pectin reduced (p<0.05) the bacterial contribution of leucine, alanine, glutamic acid and proline in feces compared with the control. In conclusion, the effects of cellulose, starch and pectin on SID were rather small. Bacterial activity in the large intestine can only explain the reduced ATTD values for arginine in the cellulose treatment, but not for the other AA in the cellulose and pectin treatments, suggesting higher endogenous losses of these AA in the large intestine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1020-1024
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• 2003

Five barrows (average initial body weight 58.6 kg) were used to determine the apparent ileal digestibilities of amino acids, DM, N and energy in various soybean meal, rapeseed meal and coconut meal in finishing pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) KSBM (Korean soybean meal), 2) CSBM (Chinese soybean meal), 3) ASBM (Argentine soybean meal), 4) RSM (Rapeseed meal), and 5) CNM (Coconut meal). The diets were corn starch-based and formulated so that each protein source provided the same amount of total ME (3,490 kcal/kg), CP (15.70%), lysine (1.00%), Ca (0.80%) and P (0.60%). Protein content of the KSBM was higher than the CSBM and ASBM, with all values similar to those expected, and protein content of the CNM was lower than that of the SBM preparation and RSM. Apparent ileal digestibilities of histidine, lysine, threonine, alanine, asparatic acid, cystine, glutamic acid and serine were greater for the KSBM, CSBM, ASBM and RSM than for the CNM (p<0.05). Also, the apparent ileal digestibilities of methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine and tyrosine were greater for the KSBM than for the CSBM, ASBM, RSM and CNM (p<0.05). Overall, the apparent ileal digestibilities of total essential amino acids were greater for the KSBM than for the CSBM, ASBM, RSM and CNM (p<0.05), and the apparent ileal digestibilities of total non essential amino acids were greater for the KSBM, CSBM, ASBM and RSM than for the CNM (p<0.05). No difference (p>0.05) in apparent digestibility of DM at the small intestine was observed among the treatments. However, the apparent digestibility of DM at the total tract was greater for the KSBM than for the CSBM, ASBM, RSM and CNM (p<0.05). Also, apparent digestibilities of N and digestible energy at the small intestine and total tract were greater for the KSBM than for the RSM and CNM (p<0.05). In conclusion, nutrient digestibility values of SBM preparations and RSM were relatively high compared to CNM.