• Laser Solutions
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate basic characteristics of electron beam weldability for high strength aluminum alloys. The aluminum alloys used were A5083 and A6N01, and A7N01. The principal welding process parameters, such as accelerating voltage, beam current, welding speed and chamber pressure were investigated. The dimension and microstructure of welds were evaluated with OLM, and SEM (EDAX). In addition, weldability variation(cracking) due to process parameters was also evaluated. The degree of cracking in the EB fusion zone appears to be affected mainly by aspect ratio, such that as aspect ratio increases the cracking tendency also increases. The alloying element itself may also affect the hot cracking resistance, but its role is considered to be indirect effect such that the relatively higher vaporization pressure elements of Zn and Mg give deeper weld penetration and thus results in greater cracking tendency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.188.1-188.1
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• 2014

Aluminum is widely used as a material for electrode on silicon based devices. Especially, aluminum films are used as backside and front-side electrodes in silicon quantum dot (QD) solar cells. In this point, the diffusion of aluminum is very important for the enhancement of power conversion efficiency by improvement of contact property. Aluminum was deposited on a Si (100) wafer and a Si QD layer by ion beam sputter system with a DC ion gun. The Si QD layer was fabricated by $1100^{\circ}C$ annealing of the $SiO_2/SiO_1$ multilayer film grown by ion beam sputtering deposition. Cs ion beam with a low energy and a grazing incidence angle was used in SIMS depth profiling analysis to obtain high depth resolution. Diffusion behavior of aluminum in the Al/Si and Al/Si QD interfaces was investigated by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) as a function of heat treatment temperature. It was found that aluminum is diffused into Si substrate at $450^{\circ}C$. In this presentation, the effect of heat treatment temperature and Si nitride diffusion barrier on the diffusion of Al will be discussed.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.209-224
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• 2022

In this study, the numerical analysis model of π-beam explosion is established to compare and analyze the failure modes of the π-beam under the action of explosive loads, thus verifying the accuracy of the numerical model. Then, based on the numerical analysis of different protection forms of π beams under explosive loads, the peak pressure of π beam under different protection conditions, the law of structural energy consumption, the damage pattern of the π beam after protection, and the protection efficiency of different protective layers was studied. The testing results indicate that the pressure peak of π beam is relatively small under the combined protection of steel plate and aluminum foam, and the peak value of pressure decays quickly along the beam longitudinal. Besides, as the longitudinal distance increases, the pressure peak attenuates most heavily on the roof's explosion-facing surface. Meanwhile, the combined protective layer has a strong energy consumption capacity, the energy consumed accounts for 90% of the three parts of the π beam (concrete, steel, and protective layer). The damaged area of π beam is relatively small under the combined protection of steel plate and aluminum foam. We also calculate the protection efficiency of π beams under different protection conditions using the maximum spalling area of concrete. The results show that the protective efficiency of the combined protective layer is 45%, demonstrating a relatively good protective ability.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.309-316
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• 2014

A large particle accelerator requires an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) system of average pressure under $1{\times}10^{-7}$ Pa for mitigating the impact of beam scattering from the residual gas molecules. The surface inside the beam ducts should be controlled with an extremely low thermal outgassing rate under $1{\times}10^{-9}Pa{\cdot}m^3/(s{\cdot}m^2)$ for the sake of the insufficient pumping speed. To fulfil the requirements, the aluminum alloys were adopted as the materials of the beam ducts for large accelerator that thanks to the good features of higher thermal conductivity, non-radioactivity, non-magnetism, precise machining capability, et al. To put the aluminum into the large accelerator vacuum systems, several key technologies have been developed will be introduced. The concepts contain the precise computer numerical control (CNC) machining process for the large aluminum ducts and parts in pure alcohol and in an oil-free environment, surface cleaning with ozonized water, stringent welding process control manually or automatically to form a large sector of aluminum ducts, ex-situ baking process to reach UHV and sealed for transportation and installation, UHV pumping with the sputtering ion pumps and the non-evaporable getters (NEG), et al. The developed UHV technologies have been applied to the 3 GeV Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) and revealed good results as the expectation. The problems of leakage encountered during the assembling were most associated with the vacuum baking which result in the consequent trouble shootings and more times of baking. Then the installation of the well-sealed UHV systems is recommended.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 2008

High strength 7xxx aluminum alloys have been applied to automotive bump back beam of the some limited model for light weight vehicle. The aluminum bump back beam is manufactured through extrusion, bending and welding. The residual stress given on these processes combines with the corrosive atmosphere on the road spreaded with corrosive chemicals to melt snow to occur the stress corrosion cracking. The composition of commercial 7xxx aluminum has Zn/Mg ratio about 3 and Cu over 2 wt% for better strength and stress corrosion cracking resistivity. But this composition isn't adequate for appling to the automotive bump back beam with high resistance to extrusion and bad weldability. In this study the composition of 7xxx aluminum alloy was modified to high Zn/Mg ratio and low Cu content for better extrusion and weldability. To estimate the resistivity against stress corrosion cracking of this aluminum alloy by slow strain rate test, the corrosion atmosphere and strain rate separate the stress corrosion cracking from conventional corrosion must be investigated. Using 0.6 Mol NaCl solution on slow strain rate test the stress corrosion cracking induced fracture was not observed. By adding 0.3% $H_2O_2$ and 0.6M $Na_2SO_4$ to 1M NaCl solution, the corrosion potential and current density of polarization curve moved to active potential and larger current density, and on the slow strain rate test the fracture energy in solution was lower than that in pre-exposure. These mean the stress corrosion cracking induced fracture can be estimated in this 1M NaCl + 0.3% $H_2O_2$ + 0.6M $Na_2SO_4$ solution. When the strain rate was below $2{\times}10^{-6}$, the stress corrosion cracking induced fracture start to be observed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.42-45
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• 2008

Recently, aluminum is widely used to reduce the vehicle weight. Aluminum curved extruded products are used for the design of automotive frame parts. This study focuses on the determination of process condition fur automotive bumper beam with various curvatures. In this study, a curvature prediction model has been proposed considering the geometric relationship and the characteristic of the curvature extrusion equipment. Using the proposed model and FE analysis, the appropriated process condition was determined to produce the bumper beam. Finally, curvature extrusion experiment was carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed curvature prediction model and the process condition.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.206-215
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• 2002

It is to be classified into friendly environment and safety problems, as a main technology development of the recent automotive industry. As these tendency, lots of automobile companies focus on a reduction of fuel expenses and strengthen of crash safety using high strength steel. In this study advanced technologies such as tailored blanks, aluminum extrusion and high strength steel forming applied to bumper beam will be described. As a result of impact analysis and an actual impact test, in terms of beam performance and a possibility fur the mass production will be discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1071-1074
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• 2006

The frequency response functions and loss factors, $\eta$, of structurally hollowed, rectangular, metal cantilever beams have been measured in bending vibrations within low strain amplitudes. The beams were heat treated or fined with aluminum to vary the material conditions. The measured frequency response functions at the end of the cantilevered beam were processed to calculate the structural damping ratios. The results showed that the modal frequencies and damping ratios of heat treated beam are increased due to the increase of beam rigidity with the predictions of the classical beam theory. When the beams are fined with aluminum, however, the frequencies are decreased due to the increase of mass, while the damping ratios are increased. As the agreement between measurement and classical theory is good, the performance of a beam with heat treated or fined with dissimilar material can be duplicated, for industrial and most practical purposes, by the theory developed for an internally damped homogeneous beam.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

A computer simulation was performed to study the effectiveness of temperature on the type of laser heat source in the context of the heterogeneous welding of aluminum and copper materials. Three different types of heat sources were used in the computer simulation: 1) Single Beam Straight Scan, 2) Single Beam Wobble Scan, and 3) Dual Beam Straight Scan. Among these sources, dual beam straight scan was found to be the most effective from the viewpoint of heat source control. Because the difference between the melting temperatures of copper and aluminum is approximately 400℃, a clear separation of heating temperature was required, and the dual beam straight scan provided superior controllability in this regard. When using the dual beam, the temperature of the 90:10 split was considerably easier to control than that of the 50:50 split. The optimal offset was calculated to be 4 mm off to the copper side, where the melting temperature and thermal conductivity were higher. In this manner, computer simulation was effectively used for determining the optimal laser beam hear source control without performing an actual laser welding experiment.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.105-117
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• 2022

Impact resistance efficiency of the newly designed sandwich beam with a laterally arched core as bio-inspired by the woodpecker is numerically investigated. The principal components of the beam comprise a dual-core system sandwiched by the top and bottom laminated CFRP skins. Different materials, including hot melt adhesive, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), epoxy resin (EPON862), aluminum (Al6061), and mild carbon steel (AISI1018), are considered for the side-arched core layer of the beam for impact efficiency assessment. The aluminum honeycomb takes the role of the second core. Contact force, stress, damage formation, and impact energy for beams equipped with different materials are examined. A diversity in performance superiority is noticed in each of these indicators for different core materials. Therefore, for overall performance appraisal, the impact resistance efficiency index, which covers several chief impact performance parameters, of each sandwich beam is computed and compared. The impact resistance efficiency index of the structure equipped with the AISI1018 core is found to be the highest, about 3-10 times greater than other specimens, thus demonstrating its efficacy as the optimal material for the bio-inspired dual-core sandwich beam system.